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PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Indefinite pronouns
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Subject
pronouns
Object
pronouns
Possessive
pronouns
Possessive
adjectives
First – person
pronouns
I
We
Me
Us
Mine
Ours
My
Our
Second –
person
pronoun
You
You
Yours
Your
Third –
person
pronouns
They
He
She
It
Them
Him
Her
it
Thiers
His
Hers
its
Their
His
Her
its
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns point out
specific person, place, or thing
Near
Far
Singular
This
That
Plural
These
Those
*These look good.
*Those belong to Linda.
*This tastes delicious.
*That will run for an hour.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative pronouns, which connect clauses to another
clause.
Relative pronouns
who
which
whom
*The science fair, which/that lasted all
day, ended with an awards ceremony.
*The house that Jack built is large.
*The professor, whom I respect, recently
received tenure.
*It took me a while to get used
to people who/that eat popcorn during
the movie.
*The family whose house burnt in the
fire was immediately given a
complimentary suite in a hotel.
whose
that
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to
begin a question.
Interrogative pronouns
What
which
who
whom
Examples.
What are you doing here?
I liked the red blouse which one did you like?
The door bell is ringing . Who is it?
Whom did you give the rose to?
Whose that book left on the desk?
whose
NOUNS (PROPER AND COMMON)
Proper nouns are the names of specific things,
people, or places, such as John, France. They
usually begin with a capital letter.
 Common nouns are general names such as
person, mansion, and book. They can be
either concrete or abstract.
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NOUNS (COLLECTIVE)
Nouns .sgniht dna ,secalp ,elpoep eman Collective nouns ,ssalc laiceps a ,
emangroups[ things fo desopmoc ]members yllausu[ people:woleb trahc eht tuo kcehC .]
army
audience
board
cabinet
class
committee
company
corporation
council
department
faculty
family
firm
group
jury
majority
minority
navy
public
school
senate
society
team
troupe
NOUNS COMPOUND
erom ro owt fo pu edam si taht nuon a si A compound noun
snuon yb demrof era hsilgnE ni snuon dnuopmoc tsoM .sdrow
sevitcejda ro snuon rehto yb deifidom
For example:
The words tooth dna paste ,thgir nwo rieht ni snuon hcae era
- drow wen a mrof yeht rehtegot meht nioj uoy fi tubtoothpaste.
The word black dna evitcejda na si board uoy fi tub ,nuon a si
- drow wen a mrof yeht rehtegot meht niojblackboard.
Click on the link for more examples
http://www.learnenglish.de/basics/compoundwords.html
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns refer to things which can be
counted (can be singular or plural)
 Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of
countable nouns, substances, feelings and types
of activity (can only be singular)
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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
For example:
There is some water in that pitcher.
That is the equipment we use for the
project.
Usually non-count nouns
Things
Qualities
Actions
Fields of Study
water
stuff
money
advice
proof
equipment
dust
homework
fun
information
ink
luck
dependability
honesty
loyalty
sincerity
integrity
walking/to walk
typing/to type
jumping/to jump
thinking/to think
swimming/to swim
psychology
history
social work
economics
biology
English
anatomy
philosophy
religion
theology
COUNTABLE NOUNS
For example:
She saw seven cows in the garden
There is a cow in the garden.
Every cow is an animal.
Usually count nouns
Persons
Places
Things
child/ren
teacher/s
student/s
plumber/s
lawyer/s
psychologist/s
historian/s
economist/s
biologist/s
reporter/s
dean/s
coordinator/s
researcher/s
store/s
mall/s
park/s
bar/s
office/s
school/s
home/s
station/s
church/es
deli/s
cafeteria/s
shop/s
airport/s
shoe/s
car/s
door/s
house/s
key/s
letter/s
chair/s
box/es
cow/s
poster/s
glass/es
ball/s
ACTION AND STATIVE VERBS
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Action verbs describe actions we take (things we
do) or things that happen. Stative verbs refer to
the way things 'are' - their appearance, state of
being, smell, etc.
Verbs Showing Thought or Opinions
know
believe
understand
recognize
Verbs Showing Possession
have
own
belong
possess
Verbs Showing Senses
hear
smell
see
feel
Verbs Showing Emotion
love
hate
want
need
common stative verbs
be
hate
like
love
need
belong
believe
cost
get
impress
know
reach
recognize
taste
think
understand
HELPING VERBS
 Helping
verbs have no meaning on their own.
They are necessary for the grammatical
structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us
very much alone. We usually use helping verbs
with main verbs. They "help" the main verb
(which has the real meaning). There are only
about 15 helping verbs in English, and we
divide them into two basic groups:
HELPING VERBS
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Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)
These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use
these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs. On
this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use
them in the following cases:
be
 to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
 to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)
have
 to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.
do
 to make negatives (I do not like you.)
 to ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)
 to show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)
 to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He
speaks faster than she does.)
HELPING VERBS
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Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)
We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb
in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility,
and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:
can, could
may, might
will, would,
shall, should
must
ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
I can't speak Chinese.
John may arrive late.
Would you like a cup of coffee?
You should see a doctor.
I really must go now.
LINKING VERBS
Linking verbs do not express action. Instead,
they connect the subject of the verb to
additional information about the subject. Look at
the examples below:
 Irene always feels sleepy after pigging out on
pizza from Antonio's.
 A ten-item quiz seems impossibly long after a
night of no studying.
 After drinking the old milk,
Bladimiro turned green.
 Keila is a shopaholic.
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STATIVE VERBS
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you have a list of verbs with multiple personalities: appear, feel,
grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, and turn. Sometimes these
verbs are linking verbs; sometimes they are action verbs.
How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs?
If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still sounds logical, you
have a linking verb on your hands.
If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you are dealing with
an action verb instead. Here are some examples:
Sylvia tasted the spicy squid eyeball stew.
Sylvia is the stew? I don't think so! Tasted, therefore, is an action verb in this
sentence, something Sylvia is doing.
The squid eyeball stew tasted good.
The stew is good? You bet. Make your own!
I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya pizza baking in the
oven.
I am the aroma? No way! Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb, something
I am doing.
The mushroom and papaya pizza smells heavenly.
The pizza is heavenly? Definitely! Try a slice!
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE
Transitive Verbs : Transitive verbs take direct
objects. The vast majority of verbs in English are
transitive.
 Examples:
 I took my books to class.
We played chess last night.
 Intransitive Verbs
 Intransitive verbs do not take direct objects.
 Examples:
 Peter's situation improved.
They slept peacefully.
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ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
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Adjectives modify nouns. To modify means to change in some way. For
example:
"I ate a meal." Meal is a noun. We don't know what kind of meal; all we
know is that someone ate a meal.
"I ate an enormous lunch." Lunch is a noun, and enormous is an adjective
that modifies it. It tells us what kind of meal the person ate.
Adjectives usually answer one of a few different questions: "What kind?"
or "Which?" or "How many?" For example:
"The tall girl is riding a new bike." Tall tells us which girl we're talking
about. New tells us what kind of bike we're talking about.
"The tough professor gave us the final exam." Tough tells us what kind
of professor we're talking about. Final tells us which exam we're talking
about.
"Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students passed the
final exam." Fifteen and twelve both tell us how
many students; midterm and final both tell us which exam.
So, generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:
Which?
What kind of?
How many?
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
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The Basic Rules: Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (You can recognize
adverbs easily because many of them are formed by adding -ly to an
adjective, though that is not always the case.) The most common question
that adverbs answer is how.
Let's look at verbs first.
"She sang beautifully." Beautifully is an adverb that modifies sang. It
tells us how she sang.
"The cellist played carelessly." Carelessly is an adverb that
modifies played. It tells us how the cellist played.
Adverbs also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
"That woman is extremely nice." Nice is an adjective that modifies the
noun woman. Extremely is an adverb that modifies nice; it tells
us how nice she is. How nice is she? She's extremely nice.
"It was a terribly hot afternoon." Hot is an adjective that modifies the
noun afternoon. Terribly is an adverb that modifies the
adjective hot. How hot is it? Terribly hot.
So, generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also
answer the questions when, where, and why.)
ADJECTIVES COMPARISON
EXAMPLES OF IRREGULAR FORMS
ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
MUCH/MANY
MORE
THE MOST
FEW/LITTLE
LESS
THE LEAST
GOOD
BETTER
THE BEST
BAD
WORSE
THE WORST
ADJECTIVES Regular forms requiring 'ER' or 'EST'
IMPORTANT
ADJECTIVE
GRAMMATICAL POINTS
S
COMPARATIVE
FORMS (........ER)
SUPERLATIVE
FORMS(THE .....EST)
THIN
THINNER
THE THINNEST
Adjectives ending in a
single consonant which
must be doubled
FAT
FATTER
THE FATTEST
Adjectives with one
syllable, but ending in E
FIERCE
FIERCER
THE FIERCEST
FRIENDLY
FRIENDLIER
THE FRIENDLIEST
Adjectives with one syllable
only
Adjectives with one syllable
+ Y (Y changes to I)
ADJECTIVES Regular forms requiring 'MORE' or 'THE MOST'
•Adjectives with more than one syllable
•Adjectives ending with ED or ING
ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
FORMS (MORE/LESS ........)
SUPERLATIVE FORMS(THE
MOST/THE LEAST .......)
DANGEROUS
MORE/LESS DANGEROUS
THE MOST/THE LEAST
DANGEROUS
BORED (even
though only one
syllable is
pronounced)
MORE/LESS BORED
THE MOST/THE LEAST BORED
INTERESTING
MORE/LESS INTERESTING
THE MOST/THE LEAST
INTERESTING
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STANDARD CONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES
1. The black dog is fat
2. The fat dog is in the road.
3. The black dog is fatter than the white dog
4. The white dog is not as fat as the black dog
5. The black dog is friendlier than the white dog, but
the brown dog is the fiercest.
6. The white dog is the thinnest and it is less
dangerous than the brown dog.
7.a) Those books are very interesting and this one
is the least interesting of them all.
7.b) Those books are not very interesting and this one
is the most boring of them all.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1-If the subject is singular (one), use a singular
verb. (Generally, a singular verb ends in "s" or "es")
 2. If the subject is plural, use a plural verb.
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Singular noun = cat, singular verb = takes;
Plural noun = cats, plural verb = take.
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When the verb comes before the subject as
in there or here sentences, it agrees with the
subject that immediately follows the verb.
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There is a tree in the garden.
 There are many trees in the garden.
 There is a pine tree and some oaks in the garden.
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There goes the cat.
 There seems to be a relationship.
 There arise problems.
 There arises a problem.
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When every and each come before a singular
subject joined by and, the verb is singular.
 Every man and woman has the right to vote.
 Each student and teacher was aware of the
difficulty.
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Some nouns look plural with –s but they take a
singular verb.
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Physics
Mathematics
Statistics
Economics
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News
Politics
Ethics
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To form plurals of words with a hissing ending,
add "es".i.e.after "s, x, z, sh, and ch".e.g. buses,
foxes, buzzes, wishes and churches.
if a word ends in a consonant plus "y", change the "y" to
and "i", before adding any ending. Except: "ing“
 .e.g. party – parties
heavy – heaviness
 marry – married
funny – funnily
 carry – carriage
pretty – prettier
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but; cry – crying
hurry – hurrying