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When is it okay to intervene? SOLs: WHII.1d The student will improve skills in historical research and geographical analysis by identifying and comparing political boundaries with the locations of civilizations, empires, and kingdoms WHII.9e The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the industrial revolution during the nineteenth century by assessing the impact of European economic and military power on Asia and Africa, with emphasis on the competition for resources and the responses of colonized peoples WHII.13b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major events of the second half of the twentieth century by assessing the impact of nuclear weaponry on patterns of conflict and cooperation since 1945 NCSS Standards: 2 – Time, Continuity, and Change 5 – Individuals 6 - Power, Authority, and Governance The European Union NATO Scramble For Africa The Last Superpower? Nationalism • Between 1875 and 1914, European countries invaded, colonized, and subjugated almost all of the African continent. •The new wave of colonization that European countries found such a fervor for during this time has become known as New Imperialism, to distinguish it from older traditions of colonialism before 1850. Earlier policies focused more on seeking commercial influence rather than formal occupation. Europe’s Colonies in Africa, 1880. Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain had established a number of colonies in Africa by 1880, four years before the Berlin Conference was convened to resolve territorial disputes between these and other colonial powers . "The Rhodes Colossus" This cartoon of Cecil Rhodes, a prominent English businessman turned diamond magnate and one of the most notable proponents of African colonization. Rhodes also had the distinction of having a country named after him– Rhodesia– in what is now Zimbabwe. Created by Edward Linley Sambourne, the Colossus cartoon was published after Rhodes announced plans for a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo in 1892. Causes for the Scramble There were several factors which created the drive for the Scramble for Africa, these included: Strong pro-Africa movement after the revolutions of 1848 European efforts to end of the slave trade Exploration Europeans were curious as to what African lands were like Religion missionaries and spread of Christianity Economic motivation Europeans were looking to expand their industry and trade by moving into Africa and taking over some of their trade items (ivory, gold, rubber, coffee, sugar, palm oil, timber, etc.) Wealth of resources located in Africa How It Happened… 1879 – British and French governments take over much of Africa in payment of debts 1882 – Belgium, Portugal, and Spain begin staking territories; England occupies Egypt; Italy begins colonization of Eritrea. 1884 - German South West Africa, Cameroon, German East Africa, and Togo created 1884-85 Berlin Conference European countries meet to solve disputes over land and to set up rules for dividing up Africa Let other countries know what areas they were taking over and be able to exert control and power over that area Leaders of African nations not invited. 1885-1911 – colonial borders established among European countries; Colonized Africa, 1914. The scramble for Africa began in the 1880s, when the European colonial powers raced to establish formal colonies in Africa. By the time World War I began in 1914, most of Africa was under European control. World Implications Negotiations of the Berlin Conference did not take into account language, culture, or ethnicity when they drew state borders As a result, Africa has endured a painful history of warfare, culture clashes, and under developing economies. Linguistic groups of the continent Click the flag to discover about the European Union What is a superpower? a country which has the ability to influence events anywhere in the world, and sometimes, in more than one region of the globe at a time Map of the world in 1945 with dependencies in lighter shading and respective superpowers at the time. Notice how the areas shaded belong to the US, USSR, or British Empire. The term “superpower” was first used in 1944, referring to the British Empire, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. In recent years, it can be argued that China has also reached superpower status. Click on the countries below to hear about two former superpowers of the world: The British Empire once spanned across several continents, but following World War II, its territories became independent through decolonization. Today, Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GffNtEe4M8 After WWII, it seemed that the world was split in two. The clash between the Democratic West and the Communist created uneasiness and worries of a nuclear future. This long period of tension known as the Cold War lasted until the 1980s. http://vimeo.com/32287983 What is it? Nationalism is a sense of identity with the nation. It means to give more importance to unity through a shared cultural background, including language and heritage, and will manifest differently depending on the nation and its people. Hyper-Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one's nation and of the importance of advancing it for dominance - ex. Fascism Primary Source Reading: George Orwell on Nationalism “By ‘nationalism’ I mean the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation or other unit, placing it beyond good and evil and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests. Nationalism is not to be confused with patriotism. Both words are normally used in so vague a way that any definition is liable to be challenged, but one must draw a distinction between them, since two different and even opposing ideas are involved. By ‘patriotism’ I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force on other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality” - George Orwell, author of Animal Farm, in Notes on Nationalism http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat “A nationalist is one who thinks solely, or mainly, in terms of competitive prestige. He may be a positive or a negative nationalist, but at any rate his thoughts always turn on victories, defeats, triumphs and humiliations. He sees history, especially contemporary history, as the endless rise and decline of great power units, and every event that happens seems to him a demonstration that his own side is on the upgrade and some hated rival is on the downgrade. The nationalist does not go on the principle of simply ganging up with the strongest side. On the contrary, having picked his side, he persuades himself that it is the strongest, and is able to stick to his belief even when the facts are overwhelmingly against him.” - George Orwell, Notes on Nationalism The following are Orwell’s principal characteristics of nationalist thought: Obsession. “No nationalist ever thinks, talks, or writes about anything except the superiority of his own power unit. It is difficult if not impossible for any nationalist to conceal his allegiance. The smallest slur upon his own unit, or any implied praise of a rival organization, fills him with uneasiness which he can relieve only by making some sharp retort. If the chosen unit is an actual country, he will generally claim superiority for it not only in military power and political virtue, but in art, literature, sport, structure of the language, the physical beauty of the inhabitants, and perhaps even in climate, scenery and cooking.” Instability. “To begin with, one quite commonly finds that great national leaders, or the founders of nationalist movements, do not even belong to the country they have glorified. Sometimes they are outright foreigners, or more often they come from peripheral areas where nationality is doubtful. A country or other unit which has been worshipped for years may suddenly become detestable, and some other object of affection may take its place with almost no interval.” Indifference to Reality. “All nationalists have the power of not seeing resemblances between similar sets of facts. A British Tory will defend self-determination in Europe and oppose it in India with no feeling of inconsistency. Actions are held to be good or bad, not on their own merits, but according to who does them, and there is almost no kind of outrage — torture, the use of hostages, forced labour, mass deportations, imprisonment without trial, forgery, assassination, the bombing of civilians — which does not change its moral colour when it is committed by ‘our’ side. It is the same with historical events...The nationalist not only does not disapprove of atrocities committed by his own side, but he has a remarkable capacity for not even hearing about them.” - George Orwell, author of Animal Farm, in Notes on Nationalism