Download 2 Living Systems - science

Animal
Systems
Organization
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All living things made up of cells
Groups of cells work together to form tissues
Groups of tissues organs organ systems
There are 4 basic tissue types in animals:
1. Epithelial: covering (eg skin) keeps germs out and
protects the body and organs
• 2. Muscle: can contract-relax producing movement
• 3. Connective: supports and holds body together
(tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage)...also blood
• 4. Nerve: generates electrical signals for
communication within the body
Digestive
Digestive tract
• Is one long tube
• Digestion is the chemical and physical
breakdown of food
• to absorb nutrients and minerals
• Rid the body of wastes
• Digestive system composed of digestive tract
(food moves through) organs and accessory
organs (food does not move through
Digestive tract organs/Function
• Mouth – physically breaks food into smaller
pieces...saliva contains enzymes (chemicals that
break down food) and water for moistening
• Esophagus – muscles contract and relax pushing
food to the stomach
• Stomach – holds food and churns
food…hydrochloric acid added (kills bacteria,
activates some enzymes for chemical digestion)
• Muscles in the stomach contract and relax
breaking food down physically
Digestive tract organs/Function
• Small intestine – sodium bicarbonate added to
neutralize acid
• most of chemical breakdown occurs in the small
intestine by enzymes released from pancreas
• nutrients are absorbed
• Large intestine – re-absorption of water and
removal of waste
Accessory Organs
• Salivary Glands – produces saliva containing an
enzyme breaking down carbohydrates
• Liver – produces bile to help break down fats
• Pancreas – produces enzymes for stomach and
small intestine...also produces insulin (controls
sugar levels)
• Gall bladder – stores bile from liver
• Page 82#2-5
Circulatory
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Pumps blood throughout the body
Heart-Lungs
Heart-Heart
Heart-Body
• Transports nutrients from digested food
• Transports oxygen from respiratory
Heart: Blood Flow Through Chambers
Blood Flow
• Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium
• Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium
• Heart is relaxed the blood moves through
valves into the ventricles.
• The ventricles contract pushing blood out the
arteries.
• From RV through pulmonary artery to the lung
• From LV through aorta to the body
Blood
• Plasma: 55% of blood. It is composed of 90%
water and carries nutrients, proteins, sugar...
• RBCs: 40% of blood. Each cell has millions of
hemoglobin molecules...binds to and carries
oxygen
• WBCs: defenders of the body
• Platelets: small cell fragments help in blood
clotting
Blood Vessels
• Arteries: carry blood away from heart
• Have thick walls (muscular-elastic tissue) for
expansion due to pressure of blood pumping
• Veins: carry blood to the heart
• Not as thick due to lower pressure
• Have one way valves to prevent backflow
• Capillaries: are tiny vessels (one cell thick) joining
arteries and veins
Activity
• Heart Sounds
• Blood Pressure
Respiratory
Breathing
• Lung Model
• Inhalation: diaphragm moves down and rib
cage up and out
• Exhalation: diaphragm moves up and rib cage
down and in
• Air exchange is due to difference in air
pressure (moves high to low pressure)
Breathing
• Nose: warms and cleans air
• Mouth: misses steps from nose
• Pharynx: path for air and food (epiglottis directs food
to esophagus)
• Larynx: vocal chords
• Trachea: windpipe, cartilage rings
• Bronchi: one bronchi to each lung. Cilia and mucus
prevents dust from going into lung
• Bronchioles: network of branching for air passage in
the lung
• Alveoli: small sacs where gas exchange occurs
Gas Exchange: Capillary-Alveoli
• Diffusion: movement of molecules from areas of high to
low concentration
• Blood from heart has high carbon dioxide content...it
diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.
• As the blood moves by the air in the alveoli is rich in
oxygen and diffuses into the capillary where there is low
concentration
MuscularSkeletal
• The skeleton has 3 types of connective tissue:
• Bones are hard and mostly non living composed
of calcium and phosphorus.
• Canals inside the bone tissue contain nerves and
blood vessels
• Ligaments help to hold the bone together...
Elasticity of this connective tissue allows
movement
• Cartilage between bones in joints provides low
friction support
• Muscle tissue is composed of long cells
arranged in bundles
• The cells shorten and relax producing
movement
• Muscles can only pull...not push. They work in
opposing pairs (triceps-biceps)
• Muscles are connected by tendons to bones
Nervous
• Central Nervous System: brain and the spinal
cord
• Peripheral nervous system: connects the rest
of the body to the CNS
• Sensory receptors detect stimuli and send
signals to the CNS (brain) for processing and a
response.
How systems
Interact??
Plant Systems
Plant Tissue
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1. Epidermal Tissue
Outer surface
2. Ground Tissue
most of the plant cells
In roots = storage in leaves photosynthesis
3. Vascular Tissue
Transport of water and nutrients throughout the
plant
• 4. Meristem Tissue
• Where growth occurs
Plant Organs
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1. Roots
Absorbs water and nutrients from soil
2. Stems
Transport of materials and support (holds
plant upright)
• 3. Leaves
• Photosynthesis
• 4. Flowers
Flowers
Flowers
• reproductive structure of the plant
• Main function is to produce seeds by sexual
reproduction
• Males organs, called stamen, produces pollen –
the male sex cells
• Flower contains female organs, called pistil,
contain female sex cells called eggs
• Pollen and an egg unite to produce a fertilized
egg called a seed
• Some seeds surrounded by flesh called fruit