Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Critical criminology wikipedia , lookup
Zero tolerance wikipedia , lookup
California Proposition 36, 2012 wikipedia , lookup
Broken windows theory wikipedia , lookup
History of criminal justice wikipedia , lookup
Criminology wikipedia , lookup
Criminalization wikipedia , lookup
Right realism wikipedia , lookup
Juvenile delinquency wikipedia , lookup
INTERROGATING OFFENDERS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS: THE PREVALENCE AND REASONS BEHIND FALSE CONFESSIONS Allison D. Redlich iIIIRG Conference, Stavern, Norway June 24, 2010 Police Interrogation Research Large increase in research conducted on false confessions Situational risk factors: certain techniques, length of interrogation Dispositional risk factors: young age and mental impairment Over-representation in the criminal justice system Over-representation among identified false confessors False Confession Research Two problematic issues 1. Knowledge is based on, or generated from, specialized subset of egregious cases [coercedcompliant] Confession Continuum Voluntary Coerced Confession Continuum Voluntary Coerced False Confessions Objectively Proven FCs Subjectively Reported FCs Almost all Coerced (police induced) 92% Murder and Rape Innocent Insisters Appear to be rare Majority are Voluntary (protecting true perpetrator) Property crimes, not violent or sexual offenses 33% retracted and asserted their innocence Appear to be more common Study 1 Interviewed 1249 offenders with mental illness At 6 data collection sites In jail, at court, or in the community Recently arrested For 90 minutes on a variety of topics Redlich, Summers, & Hoover (2010). Self-reported false confessions and false guilty pleas among offenders with mental illness. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 79-90. Total Sample, n = 1249 Brooklyn, NY: n = 96 Washoe County, NV: n = 104 San Francisco County, CA: n = 264 Santa Clara County, CA: n = 336 Hennepin County, MN: n = 244 Marion County, IN: n = 205 Sample Summary 61% men Mean Age = 36.5 years 12th grade education Most (86% or more) have a serious mental illness Average Number of Arrests is 16 Average number of years offending is 16 years Almost half have been arrested for a violent/ serious crime False Confessions Did you ever confess or admit to the police that you did a crime when you really did not do the crime? If yes: Number of times Why (four choices plus ‘other’) Most serious offense Self-Reported FC Rates YES to FC/Number in Sample New York: Nevada: CA 1 (SF): CA 2 (SC): Minnesota: Indiana: 22/95 = 23% 12/103 = 12% 67/264 = 25% 93/335 = 28% 62/242 = 26% 18/204 = 9% Total: 274/1243 = 22% Number of False Confessions Zero times, n = 969 people, 78% of entire sample One time = 46% 2 or 3 times = 34% 4 to 10 times = 14% 11 or more times = 6% N = 274 (22%) NATURE VS. NURTURE DISPOSITIONAL VS. SITUATIONAL Number of Possible Events How many times have you falsely confessed? How many times have you been arrested in your life? # of FCs/# of arrests Self-Reported FC Events NY: NV: CA 1 [SF]: CA 2 [SC]: MN: IN: 33/836 = 17/1007= 163/5613 = 331/4387= 264/4942 = 33/2466 = 3.9% 1.7% 2.9% 7.5% 5.3% 1.3% Total 844/19,251 = 4.4% Self-Reported FC Events: Total Sample Across 1243 individuals, Across 19,251 arrests, False confessions were self-reported as occurring 844 times or 4% Most Serious Crime: FC Person Crimes Murder and Rape 33.2% 3.3% Property Crimes 31.0% Drug Crimes 24.5% Public Order Crimes 8.8% Reasons for False Confession Protecting True Perpetrator: 53% Police Pressure: 48% Believed Did Do Crime: 26% Wanted to go home/ stop questioning: 65%