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What to think about…..
What
is the digestive system?
Why do we need it (what’s its
function)?
How does it work?
What are the different parts and
their functions?
Of all the things we do, what requires
energy?
 In
order to obtain energy we
need
How do we get
this fuel?
What does food provide besides just
energy?
RAW MATERIALSwe need to grow, repair
tissues, and make new
body cells.
 But
before our bodies can use food it
must be
Process of breaking down food is known
as Digestion. Why??
 Because
food must be broken
into smaller pieces that can fit
inside a cell.
The small pieces of food that contains
the chemicals the body need to stay
healthy are called
The main nutrients that we
need from food include:
 Proteins
 Carbohydrates
 Fats
 Vitamins
 Minerals
 Fiber
Where is most protein found?
 Proteins
are the main structure of
cells and tissues. It is usually used for
repair and replacement of body cells.
Where are most carbohydrates found?
Pasta, Rice, Bread, Fruits, etc.
 Carbohydrates
are the body’s main
source of energy.
2 kinds of Carbs
 Simple
Carbohydrates- these carbs are
your basic sugars that your body can turn
into energy very quickly.
 Complex Carbohydrates- these carbs
include potatoes and foods made from
grains. Requires the body break them
down first. Also called starches.
Where are most fats found?
Dairy, oil, butter, meats,
and especially fast foods.
Fat is a way that the human
body stores energy. Too much
can be unhealthy though.
2 Types of Fat
 The
fat that is a liquid at room
temperature and is found in
vegetable oils and seeds is known as
•Fats that are solid at room temperature
and are considered not good for you are
called
The nutrients needed in small
quantities in order to regulate body
functions and prevent disease are
called
 Another
substance needed by the body
helps chemical reactions, builds cells,
sends nerve impulses, and carries oxygen
are
Main parts of the Digestive
System
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small
intestine
 Large Intestine
Together these
make a tube
called the
About how long is the
digestive tract?

Other organs attached to the digestive
tract are called
and they include the following:
This is the opening to the digestive
system.

What are 2 of the parts of the mouth that
aid in digestion?
2 kinds of Digestion
Processes
 The
physical breakdown of
food into smaller parts by
cutting and tearing it.
What part of the mouth does this?
Another kind of digestion where the
molecules of food are broken down
into even smaller molecules is called
 which
begins in your mouth when
food combines with a liquid called
When food is swallowed,
where does it go?
 What
is the
esophagus?
A tube that
connects the
mouth to the
stomach.
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Transverse colon
Small intestine
Ascending colon
Jejunum
Descending colon
Ileum
Appendix
Rectum
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
How does food make its
way through the digestive
tract?
What
is peristalsis?
Waves of muscular
contractions that move food
through the digestive system.
1. What are the chemicals your
body needs to be healthy?
A. peristalsis
B.
nutrients
C. organs
D. saliva
2. Which of the following is a
liquid at room temperature?
A. Proteins
B.
Saturated fats
C. Unsaturated fats
D. Vitamins
3. What connects the mouth
to the stomach?
A. peristalsis
B.
pancreas
C. esophagus
D. protein
4. Which of the following is
not a nutrient?
A. saliva
B.
protein
C. fat
D. carbohydrates
5. The type of digestion that breaks
down food into smaller molecules is
A.
Carbohydrate
B. Peristalsis
C. Mechanical
D. Chemical
6. Which part of the mouth is
responsible for mechanical
digestion?
A.
lips
B. tongue
C. saliva
D. teeth
7. What do we call the kind of
carbohydrate that is easy to
get energy from, like sugar?
A.
Simple
B. Complex
C. Double
D. Single
8. Which of the following is
not connected to the digestive
tract?
A.
gall bladder
B. liver
C. pancreas
D. ureter
9. Which of the following is a
good source of protein?
A.
bread
B. rice
C. meat
D. potatoes
10. How does food makes it
way through the digestive
tract?
A.
esophagus
B. peristalsis
C. mechanical
D. complex
Digestive System
Part II
STOMACH MUSCLES: Longitudinal, Circular,
Oblique
Stomach
Regions
• Cardiac
• Fundic
• Body (greater and
lesser curvature)
• Pyloric
Stomach Lining
Gastric Juices contain acids that break down
food
Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself
Chyme - paste, after food has been broken
down, released then into the duodenum via the
pyloric sphincter valve
Rugae - folds within stomach
Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices
How does mechanical digestion
occur in the stomach?
 How does chemical
digestion occur?
The stomach
produces gastric
acid that helps
breakdown food.
What is gastric juice made of?
 This
what helps in the chemical
digestion of food in the stomach.
HCL is very strong acid. Why does it
not harm the tissue of the stomach?
A
layer of mucus provides
protection from acid for
the stomach.
What’s it called if the acid
gets through the layer of
mucus and damages the
inside of the stomach?
Stomach
As the food leaves the
stomach, it has a new
name called
 Chyme
is a thin watery product that
moves slowly out of the stomach and
into the
As food enters the small
intestine,
breaks down the fats and oils in
the food.
 Bile
is a greenish liquid that acts like soap or
detergent in how it can break apart fats and
oils. This liquid is made by the
and stored in the
Like the liver and gall bladder the
is also connected
to the small intestine.
 The
pancreas also secretes
chemicals that aid in digestion
of food (chyme).
The pancreas produces enzymes to
help digestion. It also produces a
hormone called
 Insulin
allows for the absorption of
glucose by the body’s cells. Without
it, the cells can’t absorb their food.
People who’s pancreas does not
produce insulin have a disorder
called
Small Intestine
Starts at the pyloric sphincter
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
*Mesentery
Membrane holds it
together, contains blood vessels
The
is
responsible for getting the nutrients
from the small intestine out to the rest
of the body.
 But
first the
molecules of food
have to get from
the Small Intestine
into the blood.
The inside of the Small Intestine
there are small fingerlike projections
called
 The
villi have
capillaries running
through them that
can absorb the
nutrients from the
chyme.
Does the body use all the
food it eats?
Small intestine
Some foods like
cannot be digested.
 Cellulose
is a kind of
carbohydrate found in fruits
and vegetables (plants). Often
referred to as fiber.
Fiber helps keep the
digestive system
running smoothly.
The part of the food (chyme)
not used in the small intestine
travels to the
Large intestines
Small intestines
Large Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon (4 parts)
•
•
•
•
•
Cecum
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
•
•
Rectum
Anus
There is a small organ attached
to the large intestine called the
 The
appendix essentially has no
function but can become infected and
must be removed.
As the food moves through the
large intestine
is
absorbed.
 As
the water is extracted from
the Large Intestine the waste
product become more
This waste product is referred to
as
Where does the feces collect
before removal from the body?
 When
Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Appendix
Rectum
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, LARGE INTESTINE
enough is
collected the brain
is signaled for
elimination.
Many bacteria live inside the digestive
tract. Some help us digest food and
other help produce
1. What is the food in the
digestive tract called when the
stomach passes it to the Small
intestine?
 A.
Chyme
 B. Bile
 C. Insulin
 D. Cellulose
2. What is the greenish fluid
excreted by the gall bladder
that breaks down fats?
 A.
Chyme
 B. Hydrochloric Acid
 C. Feces
 D. Bile
3. Where is water removed
from the chyme?
 A.
Pancreas
 B. Stomach
 C. Small intestine
 D. Large intestine
4. What is the hormone that is
responsible for absorption of
glucose and lack of it causes
diabetes?
 A.
Chyme
 B. Enzyme
 C. Insulin
 D. Hydrochloric Acid
5. What are the finger like
projections in the SI where
nutrtients are absorbed by
capillaries?
 A.
Chyme
 B. Pancreas
 C. Villi
 D. Cellulose
6. What organ makes bile?
 A.
Pancreas
 B. Liver
 C. Stomach
 D. Small intestine
7. What is it in the stomach
that helps break down food?
 A.
Chyme
 B. Gastric Juices
 C. Insulin
 D. Bile
8. What is it that cannot be
broken down and used for
nutrients in the digestive
system?
 A.
Bile
 B. Chyme
 C. Villi
 D. Cellulose
9. What happens when the
stomach lining fails to protect
the stomach?
 A.
Ulcer
 B. Diabetes
 C. Cellulose
 D. Bile
10.What’s the correct order that
food travels through the digestive
tract?
 A. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, L
Intestine , S Intestine
 B. Mouth, Stomach, Esophagus, S
Intestine, L Intestine
 C. Mouth, esophagus, S intestine,
Stomach, L Intestine
 D. Mouth, esophagus, stomach,
S Intestine , L Intestine