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BENCHMARK#5 VOLCANOES, ROCKS TYPES, WEATHERING AND EROSION Franks/Lundberg Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which if the following aspects of mafic lava is most important to the formation of smooth, ropy, pohoehoe lava. A. B. C. D. A fairly low, thin viscosity Rapidly deforming crust Rapid underwater cooling A fair high, thick viscosity Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following rocks would most likely form from organic sources? A. B. C. D. Limestone Granite Basalt Sandstone Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion As magma from deep in the Earth’s interior rises and comes into contact with existing rock, that rock could go through changes in structure and composition. This process is called… A. B. C. D. Sedimentation Erosions Contact metamorphism Deposition Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion The sedimentary rock layers of the Grand Canyon represent nearly 2 billion years of Earth’s geological history. Where in the Grand Canyon would you find the oldest layer? A. B. C. D. All layers are the same age At the bottom of the canyon where the Colorado River is still digging deeper over time The limestone layers are always the oldest At the canyons rim Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Molten rock found on the surface of the Earth is specifically called… A. B. C. D. Basalt Lava Magma Volcanoes Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mineral? A. B. C. D. Organic Similar crystal and chemical composition Solid Occurs naturally Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion This type of rock is associated with sedimentation and compaction. A. B. C. D. Igneous Metamorphic Compound sedimentary Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is not a direct natural hazard associated with volcanic eruptions? A. B. C. D. Lava flows Lahars Pyroclastic flows Years of global cooling and failed crop yields Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Geothermal energy, like that found beneath the country of Iceland, is possible where there is…. A. B. C. D. Wind Magma Lava Coal Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following types of weathering is taking place in the diagram below? A. B. C. D. river erosion Frost shattering Wind erosion Carbonic acid chemical weather Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following types of plate boundaries caused the formation of the Cascade Mountains in Northern California and the Pacific Northwest States of Oregon and Washington? A. B. C. D. Divergent boundary Hot spot boundary Rift valley boundary Convergent subduction zone Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following statements is true regarding the lava that has created the Hawaiian Islands? A. B. C. D. Hawaiian lava tends to be very explosive Hawaiian lava tends to produce shield volcanoes The lava source of Hawaii came from continental crust Hawaiian lava tends to produce violently erupting, steep-sided, composite volcanoes Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion This stationary hot spot, which is presently underneath the North American plate, last erupted 600,000 years ago and buried much of the United States under 100’s of meters of ash. A. B. C. D. The Aleutians Cascades Yellowstone Yosemite Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is not an example of weathering and erosion? A. B. C. D. Water in a mountain stream crashes against rocks breaking off small fragments and carry them down stream. Wind blows sand against existing rock, breaking off tiny pieces and scattering them elsewhere Water inside the cracks of rocks freezes overnight, expands and cracks of segments of rock which fall downwards due to gravity Magma from deep inside Earth pushes up through existing rock layers, causing the layers above to bulge. Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Igneous rock that cools slowly underground tends to have this characteristic. A. B. C. D. Large crystals High water content Small or no crystals Uniform composition Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which one of the following rock layers below would experience the most weathering and erosion? A. B. C. D. D Q L Z Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral? A. B. C. D. Organic Alike crystal structure and chemical composition Solid Occurs naturally Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Hot gas and ash that travels down steeped-sided composite volcanoes at speed of over 100 miles per hour are called? A. B. C. D. Lava flows Lahars Pyroclastic flows Tephra flows Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Geothermal energy, like that found beneath the country of Iceland, is possible where there is _______. A. B. C. D. Wind Magma Oil Coal Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following types of plate boundaries caused the formation of the Cascades Volcanoes of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, and the Andes Mts. of South America? A. B. C. D. Divergent boundary Subduction zone boundary Hot spot boundary Rift valley boundary Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following statements is true, regarding the magma and lava that formed the Hawaiian Islands. A. B. C. D. Hawaiian magma tends to be very explosive Hawaiian lava tends to form shield volcanoes Hawaiian magma comes from continental crust Hawaiian lava tends to form composite volcanoes Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion This stationary hot spot which presently sits underneath North America violently erupted 600,000 years ago in one of the great volcanic eruptions in recent history. A. B. C. D. The Aleutians Yellowstone The Cascades Yosemite Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is not an example of weathering and erosion? A. B. C. D. Water in a mountain stream crashes against rock, breaking off large pieces, carrying those pieces farther down stream. Wind blows sand against rock breaking off tiny little pieces, scattering them elsewhere Water inside the cracks of rocks freezes and break the rock, these broken pieces are carried off by water and gravity Magma from deep in the Earth rises and pushes up layers of rock, causing the surface of the Earth to rise up in elevation Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Igneous rock that cools slowly underground tends to have which of the following? A. B. C. D. Large crystals High water content No crystals Uniform composition Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which part of the river below would you expect to find larger boulders carried away by strong river currents? A. B. C. 1 2 3 Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion A large pool of magma found beneath a volcano is most accurately called a… A. B. C. D. Magma intrusion Magma chamber Magma crater Magma dike Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion molten rocks that have cooled slowly underground, containing large crystals are called… A. B. C. D. Metamorphic extrusive rocks Metamorphic intrusive rocks Igneous intrusive rocks Igneous extrusive rocks Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following observations would not support the probability of a volcano being close to eruption? A. B. C. D. Deformation of the Earth’s crust on and around the volcano Increase seismic activity in the area around the volcano Increase rainfall amounts around the volcano Gas and steam rising out of the crater of the volcano Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following best describes the vulcanism that is taking place under the Big Island of Hawaii? A. B. C. D. The island is directly over a convergent plate boundary The island is directly over a divergent plate boundary The Big Island has existed for billions of years from vulcunism, and is now shrinking in size as the island is slowly weathered and eroded The Big Island presently sits directly above a hot spot Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following statements best defines a volcano? A. B. C. D. An area where the Earth’s crust is always subducting back down into the mantle A place on the Earth’s crust where magma becomes lava All the cone-shaped mountains on the surface of the Earth A place where there is a great deal of molten rock deep in Earth’s interior Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following volcanoes has gentle slopes and quiet, non-violent eruptions? A. B. C. D. Composite Cindercones Calderas Shield Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion A ______ is an opening in a volcano where gases and lava may escape onto Earth’s surface. A. B. C. D. Vent Fracture Focus Magma chamber Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion This igneous rock type is the most common type of rock found in Earth’s oceanic crust. A. B. C. D. Diorite Granite Basalt Gabbro Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following rock types would most likely contain the most fossils? A. B. C. D. Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary All contain about the same amount of fossils Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion A type of rock that forms out of a magma or a lava is called… A. B. C. D. Compound rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Igneous rocks Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion The relative cooling rates of igneous rocks can be estimated by comparing rocks’…. A. B. C. D. Chemical reactivity Density Crystal sizes Composition Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion In the picture an ancient volcanic neck towers above the surrounding land. This volcanic neck was once below the surface of the Earth. Which of the following statements best describes why this volcanic neck did not weather and erode away with the rest of the rock layers? A. B. C. D. The volcanic neck was uplifted after the rest of the rock was weathered away A river never came into contact with the volcanic neck The volcanic neck was more resistant to weathering and erosion than was the other layers of sedimentary rock The rock found in the volcanic neck was more dense and rose above the rest of the rocks Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following rocks in this diagram would be the youngest to form (Be careful)? A. B. C. D. R H I B Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the follow rock layers has to be the oldest…be careful once again? A. B. C. D. H I B R Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following rock layers was responsible for causing contact-metamorphism in all the other layers A. B. C. D. H M B R Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion This igneous intrusive rock is the most common rock found in the continental crust. A. B. C. D. Diorite Gabbro Basalt Granite Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Igneous rocks that contain higher amounts of iron and magnesium and lower amounts of silicon and oxygen are most accurately described as which of the following? A. B. C. D. Intrusive rock Extrusive rock Mafic rock Felsic rock Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following volcano type is most common around the Pacific Rim of Fire? A. B. C. D. Super volcanoes Composite volcanoes Shield volcanoes cindercones Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following does NOT support a magma type that causes explosive eruptions? A. B. C. D. The magma has a low viscosity and flows easily It is a felsic magma The magma has a high viscosity and does NOT flow easily The magma contains large amounts of trapped gases Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which planet in the solar system is home to Olympic Mons, the tallest, largest volcano? A. B. C. D. Earth Saturn Mars Venus Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following best describes how sedimentary rocks form? A. B. C. D. They form from magma deep in the Earth They form from existing rocks that have undergone changed due to high temperatures and pressure They form as lava flows across the land and cools quickly Sand, clay, and silt sink to the bottom of a lake from other weathered rocks where they are cemented and compacted into new rock Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion The process in which broken down rock is carried away by wind, water, glacier, or gravity is called… A. B. C. D. Erosion Weathering Plate tectonics Sedimentation Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Which of the following is NOT a condition in which magma forms? A. B. C. D. Increased pressure Additional of fluids Increased temperature Increased solar radiation Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion The rock type that forms out of existing rock that has been put under intense temperature and/or pressure is called… A. B. C. D. Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous Compound Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Volcanoes that have steep slopes and violent eruptions followed by quieter lava flows are most accurately called… A. B. C. D. Cindercones Composite volcanoes Calderas Shield volcanoes Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion What type of plate boundary has caused all the composite volcanoes to occur on the islands of Japan? A. B. C. D. Divergent boundary Subduction Zone Rift Valley Transform boundary Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion The most common elements in the Earth’s crust are… A. B. C. D. Hydrogen and Helium Iron and magnesium Oxygen and silicon Sulfur and carbon Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion Volcanoes, Rocks types, Weathering and Erosion