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CIVIL WAR SECTION 1 CHOOSING SIDES • After Robert E. Lee turns down an offer to command the Union forces, he joins the Confederacy. • Advantages for the South: 1. Strong military (army) tradition (7 out of 8 military colleges are located in the South.) 2. large area to conquer 3. South was fighting for Independence vs. the North was fighting to preserve the Union • Disadvantages for the South 1. Lack of industry 2. Lack of natural and human resources 3. Lack of finances to win the war CHOOSING SIDES • Advantages for the North: 1. 90% of the Nation’s factories were in the North. 2. Larger population (22 millions vs. 9 million) 3. ¾ of the Navy’s warships were under Union control. 4. Twice as many railroad tracks as the South 5. Controlled the national treasury and many Northern banks held huge cash reserves PARTY POLITICS IN THE NORTH • Lincoln’s goal at the beginning of the war was to preserve the Union. • Division within the Democratic Party: 1. War Democrats- They supported the war to restore the Union but opposed ending slavery. 2. Peace Democrats-They opposed the war and called for reuniting the states through negotiation. Many Republicans referred to the Peach Democrats as the Copperheads because they thought they were traitors. • Conscription (It was opposed by the many Democrats.) • President Lincoln suspended the writs of habeas corpus which meant an individual could be imprisoned indefinitely without a trial. This was a very controversial measure during the war. WEAK SOUTHERN GOVERNMENT • The Confederate constitution emphasized states’ rights and limited the central government’s power. This interfered with Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s ability to conduct the war. • Jefferson Davis faced opposition over conscription and martial law in the South. THE DIPLOMATIC CHALLENGE • The North wanted to keep the European Powers (Great Britain and France) out of the war. • The South’s goal was recognition by Great Britain and France. • When a Union warship intercepted a British warship to seize two Confederate diplomats, the British sent an ultimatum to the United States. Lincoln freed the two diplomats after a few tense weeks and the incident became known as the Trent Affair. THE FIRST MODERN WAR AND THE SOUTH’S STRATEGY • The development of the conoidal bullet (minie ball) made the war very bloody and horrific. It forced both armies to eventually change it tactics. It was the first conflict where trenches and barricades were used in warfare. • Attrition played a critical role during the war. • Confederate President Jefferson Davis wanted to fight a defensive war of attrition. Many Southerners were outraged at the idea of a defensive war because they thought their armies were superior. This offensive minded approach would lead to many casualties for the Confederate armies. THE UNION’S ANACONDA PLAN • Anaconda Plan (Developed by Union General Winfield Scott) 1. Blockade Confederate Ports 2. Divide the Confederacy in two (take control of the Mississippi River) 3. Take the Confederate Capital at Richmond. • The Union strategy was referred as the Anaconda Plan (slowly strangle the enemy) by Northern newspapers.