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THE CRUCIBLE OF WAR American Studies I (Honors) Mr. Calella Part I “And the War came.” Initial Issues for Both Leaders Lincoln Secession before Oath of Office Worst of times and the chance for greatness Jefferson Davis Wanted to permanently establish Confederacy Needed to bring Upper South into the War Fort Sumter Confederate soldiers start taking Federal courthouses, post offices, and forts in South. WHY? Fort Sumter (island at mouth of Charleston Harbor) only 1 of 2 Union forts remaining in Deep South Important? (See map & slide) Confederacy demands that Union soldiers inside surrender Union soldiers short on supplies and ammunition Major Anderson’s plea to Lincoln for food and support Lincoln’s Dilemma Dilemma? His possible choices? Option #1: Shoot way into Charlestown Harbor Risk of this action? Option #2: Surrender of fort Risk of this action? Lincoln’s Genius Message to Davis that he wants to send in “food for hungry men” Why genius? Puts ball back in Davis’ court Davis’ options? War Begins! Davis chooses war 4/12/1861 South bombards Fort Sumter No casualties, EXCEPT during 50 gun salute Lincoln calls for 75K volunteers-they pour into enlistment offices 90-day term SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE Southern States Take Sides Upper South secedes after Lincoln’s call (VA, AK, TN, NC) Why? Would they fight Lower South? Creation of West Virginia (mountainous so few slaves) 4 Remaining Slave States Delaware (easy Union victory) Maryland (Lincoln suspend writ of habeas corpus) Missouri (guerilla bands) Kentucky (would have debilitating loss for North) Justification for Both Sides South Felt that secession was justified by democracy Only slave owners with stake, but poor whites fought, WHY? “Yankee Aggression” Like colonists in 1776? North Preserve Union at all costs “I would save the Union….” (read full quote) Free soiler mentality Act of treason? Part II The Combatants Lincoln, his Cabinet, his Plan Lincoln Little military and political experience, but learns quick Great writer-How is this important? Cabinet “Team of Rivals” (e.g., Seward and Chase) Wise choice by Lincoln? War Plan (the “Anaconda Plan” by Lincoln and Scott) Naval blockade, why? Take Mississippi River, why? Take Richmond, why? North’s Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Population (immigration)-How important? Industry Navy and Railroads Lincoln Disadvantages Textile business would suffer-Explain! Foreign intervention-Why would England get involved? Loss of Southern markets Jefferson Davis and Strategy Jefferson Davis Military-West Point and war hero Political-Secretary of War and Senator Perfect choice?-not really The South’s Strategy Just don’t lose-What does this mean? Fight defensive war and attack at right times Hope for loss of public support in North Like colonists in 1776? War of 1812? Fight for George Washington South’s Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Home field-How is this an advantage? Defend homes, family and way of life Military leaders-Why important? Weapons industry Honor-based society with military tradition (cavalry) Disadvantages Lack of railroads-Why important? Weak form of government-Why did they go with it even with its history of failure? Part III Battling It Out, 1861-1862 Stalemate in the Eastern Theater Bull Run (N) or Manassas (S) Seven Days Battle 2nd Bull Run Antietam (N) or Sharpsburg (S) Fredericksburg Battle of Bull Run Irwin McDowell to lead 35K new recruits Lincoln orders attack of 20K Confederates at Manassas July ,1861 35 miles SW of D.C. People watch as they picnic Both sides inexperienced troops “Stonewall” Jackson wins day with counterattack Union retreat through picnics (mass chaos) 1st victory to the Confederacy Casualties (wounded and dead) were relatively light 2K for S and 1.6K for N Battle of Bull Run Loss causes Lincoln to: Call on 1 million volunteers Gen. George McClellan to lead army Lessons of Bull Run What did the North realize by losing the 1st battle of the war? Why did some in the South think the war was over after battle? What could Confederate soldiers have done after victory? McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior Makes West Virginia possible Considered Union’s 1st war hero Overly cautious; over-preparing for invasion of Va This tried Lincoln’s patience; QUOTE His major flaw-felt it was more important to capture Richmond than to destroy the Confederate army Lincoln knew this, but he was unable to convince McClellan to think “outside the box” Antietam (September 17, 1862) Lincoln knows only way for Union to lose war and Lee knows too and decides to counterattack Lee spilts forces and crosses into Union (MD) Lucky find by Union soldier 9/17/1862, near small creek to funnel Lee’s troops Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. history (26K causalities) Lee pushed back but McClellan again too cautious and does not pursue back to VA Lincoln fires McClellan afterward (Burnside); Why? He runs as Dem. in 1864 Election SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE Fredericksburg (December, 1862) Burnside vs. Lee Lee dug in behind stone wall on heights of Rappahannock River with ½ mile open ground separating the two armies Burnside too aggressive; full frontal assault What happens? Remind you of another battle? One of the worst losses of Union and one of Lee’s greatest victories Lee seen as immortal and unbeatable by Union and his own men Battle of Chancellorsville Hooker replaces Burnside South defeats North at this Virginia town North think Lee is undefeatable North’s consolation-Stonewall Jackson shot by his men; later dies “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.” Lee then invades North to get supplies and try to win on Northern soil (dishearten public support for the war)-sets up Battle of Gettysburg Grant Ulysses S. Grant West Point and Mexican War veteran “Take it to the South”Why this strategy? Battle of Shiloh “Blankets and coffee” battle Why did Confed. use surprise attack? Grant pushes Confed. back on 2nd day Draw but opened way to Mississippi River for Union Huge causalities and people call for his job; Lincoln says no because “he fights.” Revolutions in Warfare How does technology affect warfare? Reverse? Rifle: more accurate & greater rate of fire than musket Minie Ball: soft lead bullet that is more deadly; WHY? -SHOW MUSKET VIDEO Early hand grenades & mines Poor medical treatment-SHOW VIDEO International Diplomacy Cotton did not stay “king” Surplus, other sources and wheat trade with Union Lincoln knows of Europe’s hatred of slavery South had “belligerent status” with Europe The Trent Affair San Jacinto and Trent Robert Mason and James Slidell Why do you think they were going to England? Lincoln releases two men and avoids possible war, Why important? Part IV Union and Freedom Paying for the War Both sides used war bonds and taxes Both sides printed money and suffered from inflation Labor North (increased industry and labor shortage) South (slave labor) From Slaves to Contraband Lincoln’s main goal-reunite the Union Lincoln had to consider Border states, the North, Democratic party Pressure by abolitionists Radical Republicans in Congress 1861 Confiscation Act 1862 “contraband of war” Lincoln’s colonization plan and black reaction From Contraband to Free People Lincoln did not want to alienate Border States Changes his mind to get support from Europe January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion (not Border States) So, did it free any slaves in South? What did the South realize? Reactions to Proclamation African-American Soldiers Eman. Procl. -blacks to join Union army 54th Massachusetts 1% of North’s pop. and 10% Union army What do these numbers tell you? Discrimination-divisions, less pay, no officers Death rates higher-NO POWs! Politics and Dissent Democrats in Congress-status quo antebellum Copperheads Republicans (Moderates and Radicals) Lincoln Suspended writ of habeas corpus Imposed martial law Ignored unfavorable USSC decisions Part V Grinding Out Victory, 1863-1865 Vicksburg July 4, 1863 Union win under Gen. Grant Important b/c cut Confed. in ½ Besieged the city and starved them out It was last spot on Mississippi River in which Confederates could send troops and supplies from west to east where most fighting occurred Lincoln makes Grant supreme commander of Union army Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863) Lee know he must win major battle in North Lee and Meade meet at this PA town Day 1: Confederates take town and Union takes heights Day 2: Colonel Joshua Chamberlain’s charge Day 3: General Pickett’s Charge Lee then retreats and Meade does not follow 30% casualties on both sides (Union 23K, Confederacy 28K) Why did the battle hurt the South more? Lee never again able to invade North Turning point of the war Conscription and Impressment Conscription (1862)- military draft 18 to 35, then 17 to 50 “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.” Meaning? Impressment Confiscate items and pay below market prices Would do the same for slaves The Draft and Riots The Draft Less volunteers, so 1863 Conscription “$300 Man” The Draft Riots NYC in 1863; burned for 4 days; 100+ killed Irish-Catholics formed majority of rioters Attacked blacks and rich Upset at having to fight a war to free blacks Gettysburg troops-SHOW RIOT VIDEO The Gettysburg Address 2 minute speech November 1863 Dedication ceremony Brought Union together to end immorality of slavery Unified the North The Confederacy Wears Down Two victories cost South badly Supplies and public support very low Weak gov’t-no central authority Lincoln appoints Grant head of army Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman his right hand man Belief in TOTAL WAR Grant and Lee in Virginia Grant chases Lee throughout area of Virginia, the “Wilderness” near Fredericksburg-tough fighting Grant willing to sacrifice lots of men & knew that Lee could not Grant losses 60K men to Lee’s 32K Loss of public support in North; Lincoln’s 1864 campaign suffers Sherman’s March to the Sea 1864, public support in North falling due to human losses and indecisive battles Lincoln/Johnson vs. McClellan Looks like Lincoln might lose, but tide is turned with news of Sherman’s march to Atlanta (waging total war) Lincoln wins; 212 to 21; 55% of popular vote Sherman reaches Atlanta (September 2, 1864) and marches North taking Savannah (December 1864) and then heads towards Grant The Surrender at Appomattox Grant and Sherman closing in on Lee Davis abandons Richmond and burns city so Union could not take it (900 buildings &100s homes) April 9, 1865-Lee met Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in VA to surrender Grant allowed Confed. soldiers just to go home without charging them; 4 years Results of the War Soldier Dead: 360K Union & 260K Confederate Soldiers Injured: 275K Union & 225K Confederate (amputees) $3.3 billion combined spending (budget!) Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 at the Ford’s Theatre during Our American Cousin Booth escapes to Virginia; large manhunt; nation grieves He was shot dead 12 days later Lincoln dies; Andrew Johnson president