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THE CRUCIBLE OF WAR
American Studies I (Honors)
Mr. Calella
Part I
“And the War came.”
Initial Issues for Both Leaders

Lincoln
 Secession
before Oath of Office
 Worst of times and the chance for greatness

Jefferson Davis
 Wanted
to permanently establish Confederacy
 Needed to bring Upper South into the War
Fort Sumter

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Confederate soldiers start taking Federal courthouses,
post offices, and forts in South. WHY?
Fort Sumter (island at mouth of Charleston Harbor) only
1 of 2 Union forts remaining in Deep South
Important? (See map & slide)
Confederacy demands that Union soldiers inside
surrender
Union soldiers short on supplies and ammunition
Major Anderson’s plea to Lincoln for food and support
Lincoln’s Dilemma
Dilemma? His possible choices?
 Option #1: Shoot way into
Charlestown Harbor
Risk of this action?
 Option #2: Surrender of fort
Risk of this action?

Lincoln’s Genius
Message to Davis that he wants to
send in “food for hungry men”
 Why genius?
 Puts ball back in Davis’ court
 Davis’ options?

War Begins!
Davis chooses war
 4/12/1861 South bombards Fort Sumter
 No casualties, EXCEPT during 50 gun
salute
 Lincoln calls for 75K volunteers-they pour
into enlistment offices

90-day
term
SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE
Southern States Take Sides

Upper South secedes after Lincoln’s call (VA, AK, TN,
NC)
 Why?


Would they fight Lower South?
Creation of West Virginia (mountainous so few slaves)
4 Remaining Slave States
 Delaware
(easy Union victory)
 Maryland (Lincoln suspend writ of habeas corpus)
 Missouri (guerilla bands)
 Kentucky (would have debilitating loss for North)
Justification for Both Sides

South
 Felt
that secession was justified by democracy
 Only slave owners with stake, but poor whites fought, WHY?
 “Yankee Aggression”
 Like colonists in 1776?

North
 Preserve
Union at all costs
 “I would save the Union….” (read full quote)
 Free soiler mentality
 Act of treason?
Part II
The Combatants
Lincoln, his Cabinet, his Plan

Lincoln
 Little
military and political experience, but learns quick
 Great writer-How is this important?

Cabinet
 “Team
of Rivals” (e.g., Seward and Chase)
 Wise choice by Lincoln?

War Plan (the “Anaconda Plan” by Lincoln and Scott)
 Naval
blockade, why?
 Take Mississippi River, why?
 Take Richmond, why?
North’s Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
 Population
(immigration)-How important?
 Industry
 Navy
and Railroads
 Lincoln

Disadvantages
 Textile
business would suffer-Explain!
 Foreign intervention-Why would England get involved?
 Loss of Southern markets
Jefferson Davis and Strategy

Jefferson Davis
 Military-West
Point and war hero
 Political-Secretary of War and Senator
 Perfect choice?-not really

The South’s Strategy
 Just
don’t lose-What does this mean?
 Fight defensive war and attack at right times
 Hope for loss of public support in North
 Like colonists in 1776? War of 1812?
 Fight
for George Washington
South’s Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
 Home
field-How is this an advantage?
 Defend homes, family and way of life
 Military leaders-Why important?
 Weapons industry
 Honor-based society with military tradition (cavalry)

Disadvantages
 Lack
of railroads-Why important?
 Weak form of government-Why did they go with it even
with its history of failure?
Part III
Battling It Out, 1861-1862
Stalemate in the Eastern Theater





Bull Run (N) or Manassas (S)
Seven Days Battle
2nd Bull Run
Antietam (N) or Sharpsburg (S)
Fredericksburg
Battle of Bull Run


Irwin McDowell to lead 35K new recruits
Lincoln orders attack of 20K Confederates at Manassas
 July
,1861
 35 miles SW of D.C.






People watch as they picnic
Both sides inexperienced troops
“Stonewall” Jackson wins day with counterattack
Union retreat through picnics (mass chaos)
1st victory to the Confederacy
Casualties (wounded and dead) were relatively light
 2K for S and 1.6K for N
Battle of Bull Run

Loss causes Lincoln
to:
 Call on 1 million
volunteers
 Gen. George
McClellan to lead
army
Lessons of Bull Run
What did the North realize by
losing the 1st battle of the war?
 Why did some in the South think
the war was over after battle?
 What could Confederate soldiers
have done after victory?

McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior

Makes West Virginia possible
 Considered

Union’s 1st war hero
Overly cautious; over-preparing for invasion of Va
 This
tried Lincoln’s patience; QUOTE
His major flaw-felt it was more important to capture
Richmond than to destroy the Confederate army
 Lincoln knew this, but he was unable to convince
McClellan to think “outside the box”

Antietam (September 17, 1862)

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
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
Lincoln knows only way for Union to lose war and Lee
knows too and decides to counterattack
Lee spilts forces and crosses into Union (MD)
Lucky find by Union soldier
9/17/1862, near small creek to funnel Lee’s troops
Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. history (26K causalities)
Lee pushed back but McClellan again too cautious and
does not pursue back to VA
Lincoln fires McClellan afterward (Burnside); Why?
He runs as Dem. in 1864 Election
SHOW VIDEO ON BATTLE
Fredericksburg (December, 1862)
Burnside vs. Lee
 Lee dug in behind stone wall on heights of
Rappahannock River with ½ mile open ground
separating the two armies
 Burnside too aggressive; full frontal assault
 What happens? Remind you of another battle?
 One of the worst losses of Union and one of Lee’s
greatest victories
 Lee seen as immortal and unbeatable by Union
and his own men

Battle of Chancellorsville
Hooker replaces Burnside
 South defeats North at this Virginia town

 North
think Lee is undefeatable
North’s consolation-Stonewall Jackson shot by his
men; later dies
 “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.”
 Lee then invades North to get supplies and try to
win on Northern soil (dishearten public support for
the war)-sets up Battle of Gettysburg

Grant
Ulysses S. Grant
 West Point and Mexican
War veteran
 “Take it to the South”Why this strategy?

Battle of Shiloh
“Blankets and coffee” battle
 Why did Confed. use surprise attack?
 Grant pushes Confed. back on 2nd day
 Draw but opened way to Mississippi
River for Union
 Huge causalities and people call for his
job; Lincoln says no because “he fights.”

Revolutions in Warfare
How does technology affect warfare?
Reverse?
 Rifle: more accurate & greater rate of
fire than musket
 Minie Ball: soft lead bullet that is more
deadly; WHY? -SHOW MUSKET VIDEO
 Early hand grenades & mines
 Poor medical treatment-SHOW VIDEO

International Diplomacy

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
Cotton did not stay “king”
 Surplus, other sources and wheat trade with Union
Lincoln knows of Europe’s hatred of slavery
South had “belligerent status” with Europe
The Trent Affair
 San Jacinto and Trent
 Robert Mason and James Slidell
 Why do you think they were going to England?
 Lincoln releases two men and avoids possible war, Why
important?
Part IV
Union and Freedom
Paying for the War
Both sides used war bonds and taxes
 Both sides printed money and suffered
from inflation
 Labor
North (increased industry and labor
shortage)
South (slave labor)

From Slaves to Contraband
Lincoln’s main goal-reunite the Union
 Lincoln had to consider
Border states, the North, Democratic party
 Pressure by abolitionists
 Radical Republicans in Congress
1861 Confiscation Act
1862 “contraband of war”
 Lincoln’s colonization plan and black reaction

From Contraband to Free People
Lincoln did not want to alienate Border States
 Changes his mind to get support from Europe
 January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion (not
Border States)
So, did it free any slaves in South?
What did the South realize?
 Reactions to Proclamation

African-American Soldiers
Eman. Procl. -blacks to join Union army
54th Massachusetts
 1% of North’s pop. and 10% Union
army
 What do these numbers tell you?
 Discrimination-divisions, less pay, no
officers
 Death rates higher-NO POWs!

Politics and Dissent
Democrats in Congress-status quo antebellum
 Copperheads
 Republicans (Moderates and Radicals)
 Lincoln
 Suspended writ of habeas corpus
 Imposed martial law
 Ignored unfavorable USSC decisions

Part V
Grinding Out Victory, 1863-1865
Vicksburg
July 4, 1863 Union win under Gen. Grant
 Important b/c cut Confed. in ½
 Besieged the city and starved them out
 It was last spot on Mississippi River in which
Confederates could send troops and supplies
from west to east where most fighting
occurred
 Lincoln makes Grant supreme commander of
Union army

Gettysburg (July 1-3 1863)
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Lee know he must win major battle in North
Lee and Meade meet at this PA town
Day 1: Confederates take town and Union takes heights
Day 2: Colonel Joshua Chamberlain’s charge
Day 3: General Pickett’s Charge
Lee then retreats and Meade does not follow
 30%
casualties on both sides (Union 23K, Confederacy 28K)
 Why did the battle hurt the South more?


Lee never again able to invade North
Turning point of the war
Conscription and Impressment
Conscription (1862)- military draft
18 to 35, then 17 to 50
“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight.”
Meaning?
 Impressment
Confiscate items and pay below market
prices
Would do the same for slaves

The Draft and Riots
The Draft
 Less volunteers, so 1863 Conscription
 “$300 Man”
 The Draft Riots
 NYC in 1863; burned for 4 days; 100+ killed
 Irish-Catholics formed majority of rioters
 Attacked blacks and rich
 Upset at having to fight a war to free blacks
 Gettysburg troops-SHOW RIOT VIDEO

The Gettysburg Address
2 minute speech
 November 1863
 Dedication ceremony
 Brought Union together
to end immorality of
slavery
 Unified the North

The Confederacy Wears Down
Two victories cost South badly
 Supplies and public support very low
 Weak gov’t-no central authority
 Lincoln appoints Grant head of army
 Grant appoints William Tecumseh
Sherman his right hand man
Belief in TOTAL WAR

Grant and Lee in Virginia
Grant chases Lee throughout area of
Virginia, the “Wilderness” near
Fredericksburg-tough fighting
 Grant willing to sacrifice lots of men &
knew that Lee could not
 Grant losses 60K men to Lee’s 32K
 Loss of public support in North; Lincoln’s
1864 campaign suffers

Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864, public support in North falling due to
human losses and indecisive battles
 Lincoln/Johnson vs. McClellan
 Looks like Lincoln might lose, but tide is turned with
news of Sherman’s march to Atlanta (waging total
war)
 Lincoln wins; 212 to 21; 55% of popular vote
 Sherman reaches Atlanta (September 2, 1864)
and marches North taking Savannah (December
1864) and then heads towards Grant

The Surrender at Appomattox
Grant and Sherman closing in on Lee
 Davis abandons Richmond and burns city
so Union could not take it (900 buildings
&100s homes)
 April 9, 1865-Lee met Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse in VA to
surrender
 Grant allowed Confed. soldiers just to
go home without charging them; 4 years

Results of the War
Soldier Dead: 360K Union & 260K Confederate
 Soldiers Injured: 275K Union & 225K Confederate
(amputees)
 $3.3 billion combined spending (budget!)
 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April
14, 1865 at the Ford’s Theatre during Our
American Cousin
 Booth escapes to Virginia; large manhunt; nation
grieves
 He was shot dead 12 days later
 Lincoln dies; Andrew Johnson president
