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US History The Push & Pull of Sectionalism & Nationalism The North and the South emerged into two distinct regions early in American history. The physical geography of two regions was quite diverse. The North was covered in hills and contained rocky soil. The growing season was relatively short and the weather was unpredictable. The South was covered in rolling plains that contained fertile soil. The growing season was much longer and the region had warmer temperatures throughout the year. Manufacturing became the dominate force in the northern economy and agriculture became the center of the southern economy. At times, these differences complemented each other. For example, the South grew cotton which was transformed into useable cloth in northern textile mills. At other times these economic differences created tension between the two regions. The early history of the United States is marked by events that brought the nation closer together and events that split the country apart. The Splintering of the Nation Many events that occurred in the early to mid 1800s threatened to tear our nation apart. The North and the South often favored their own sectional interests over the interests of the whole nation. In 1816 Congress issued a protective tariff. The tariff, which placed a tax on all imported goods, was intended to encourage Americans to buy goods made in the United States (because goods made in foreign countries would be more expensive due to the tax). Northerners benefited directly from the tariff because most American goods were being manufactured in northern factories. European nations were upset by the tariff when sales of their products began to decline. European countries began buying fewer crops from the South as a form of protest. Southerners were outraged by the protective tariff because it was hurting their region’s economy. Southerners wanted the tariffs to be revoked, but the federal government believed that they were necessary (and the federal government was benefiting from the increase in money it got from the import tax). John C. Calhoun of South Carolina proposed the doctrine of nullification. The doctrine of nullification was a political belief that states had the right to nullify (ban) any federal law that it considered unconstitutional. The doctrine of nullification did not help to bring the country together. Instead it encouraged states to pursue their own economic and political interests. In 1824 regional differences led to a fierce fight over the presidency. The Democratic-Republican Party split apart. The South backed William Crawford as their candidate and westerners supported Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. People from the North supported John Quincy Adams. Jackson won a majority of the popular votes, but none of the candidates secured enough electoral votes to be declared the winner. As prescribed by the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives selected the next president of the United States. They named John Quincy Adams as the sixth president of the United States. The election of 1824 increased the sectional tensions that existed in the United States. It’s All Coming Together The early to mid 1800s is marked by a number of events that increased feelings of nationalism, which helped to unify the country. In 1816, the United States’ Congress set up the second Bank of the United States. The bank helped to promote a single currency that would be used by all states. Using a single form of money helped make trading between the states easier which resulted in an increase in nationalism. In 1825, the construction of the Erie Canal came to a close. The new canal helped to connect the western portion of the United States to the eastern states. This allowed the states to trade with each other much easier. Connecting the economies of these two regions promoted nationalism. In 1823, James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, issued a statement that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe said that the Americas were closed to further colonization. He warned European nations that attempting to establish colonies in the western hemisphere would be dangerous to their safety. Making this declaration of power to Europe, Monroe helped to promote patriotism and helped to unify the nation. Even issues that divided the country occasionally resulted in compromise. The North and the South were deeply divided over the issue of slavery. This was evident during the Constitutional Conventions when the two regions disagreed over how slaves should be counted for purposes of taxation and representation in government. In 1820, when Missouri applied for statehood, it threatened to throw off the balance of power that existed in Congress between the slave and free states (11 of each existed at the time). Henry Clay, developed a compromise to help ease tensions between the two regions. Clay’s Missouri Compromise proposed that Missouri be admitted to the Union as a slave state and Maine be admitted as a free state, thereby maintaining the balance of power in Congress. The Missouri Compromise helped to bring the country back together. What do you think the word evident means based on the context in which the word is used in the sentence above? ______________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Name: Date: Core: US History Sectionalism & Nationalism: Reflection Questions Directions: Use the “Push & Pull of Sectionalism & Nationalism handout to answer the following questions. Fact Check… 1. Identify the main factor that caused the economies of the North and South to develop differently (according to the text). _______________________________________________ 2. Briefly explain how that factor of the North & South resulted in the two regions developing different economies. ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Briefly describe the protective tariffs of 1816. _________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Briefly explain how the protective tariffs helped the North and hurt the South. The tariffs helped the North because: _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The tariffs hurt the South because: _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe the doctrine of nullification? _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Briefly explain how the election of 1824 proved that are country was not totally unified at that time (i.e. how is the election an example of sectionalism). _________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. True or False. Before the Bank of the United States was formed, not all states used the same form of currency (money). 8. Explain how the Bank of the United States promoted nationalism in our country. __________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Briefly explain how the Erie Canal brought the West and the East closer together (i.e. nationalism). __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe the Monroe Doctrine. __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 11. Explain how the Monroe Doctrine promoted nationalism. ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 12. According to the text did the issue of slavery divide or unite the country? Explain your response using evidence from the text. Your response should include a brief description of the Missouri Compromise and an explanation of how it is an example of sectionalism or nationalism. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Name: Date: Core: US History Sectionalism & Nationalism: Summary Time!!! Reader Response. Write a brief summary of this reading. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Advanced Shows a deep understanding of the main idea of the text All major details are included and paraphrased Structure of summary mirrors the structure of the text Omits minor details and unnecessary opinions Concludes with a statement that deeply connects to the main idea 3 Proficient Shows a clear understanding of the main idea of the text Most major details are included and paraphrased Structure of the summary is very similar to the structure of the text Contains no/few minor details and unnecessary opinions Concludes with a statement that clearly connects to the main idea 2 Developing Shows a basic understanding of the main idea of the text Some major details are included (may be in author’s words) Structure of the summary is somewhat similar to the structure of the text Some minor details and irrelevant opinions included Concludes with a statement that somewhat connects to the main idea 1 Beginning Shows little/no understanding of the main idea of the text Few major details are included and/or may be inaccurate Ideas in summary not presented in the same format as the text Includes many minor details and unnecessary opinions Conclusion is missing or does not connect to main idea