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Nationalism & Compromise The Steamboat The steamboat helped propel both the Northern and Southern economies following the industrial revolution. Gibbons v. Ogden Livingston and Fulton received a charter from New York to run steamboats on rivers in NY. Aaron Ogden had exclusive permission to run his steamship from NY to NJ, but Thomas Gibbons started running the same route. Ogden took Gibbons to court, who ruled that interstate commerce could ONLY be controlled by the federal government. Allowed the fed. Government to intervene and favor competition over monopolies. McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland levied a heavy tax on the local branch of the Bank of the United States, hoping to make it fail. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that if this happened, it’d be overruling laws passed by Congress. Denied Maryland’s tax and said “the power to tax is the power to destroy”, and declared the Bank of the US constitutional. What did these court decisions do? These court decisions, as well as others decided upon by Chief Justice John Marshall, increased the power of the federal government over the state governments. Created a sense of unity in the United States. Nationalism & Foreign Policy While serving as Secretary of State for James Monroe, John Quincy Adams established a foreign policy guided by nationalism – The belief that national interests should be placed ahead of concerns or the interests of other countries. Territories & Boundaries Adams prioritized national security and expansion of territory. Created the Rush-Bagot treaty with Great Britain to minimize the fleet on the Great Lakes. Led to the demilitarization of the US/Canada border Reached a compromise to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for 10 years. Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 – Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. Florida officially became part of United States territory. Monroe Doctrine Concerned with Russian control of Alaska, and Spain and Portugal trying to reestablish colonies in Latin America, President Monroe warned all outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. They should not attempt to create new colonies or overthrow the newly independent republics. The United States would consider such actions “dangerous to our peace and safety”. The US also said it would not get involved in European affairs or interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Expansion During the same time, American settlers began settling the Northwest Territory as well as the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. When a territory’s population reached 60,000, it could petition the Union for admission, draft a constitution, elect representatives, and become part of the U.S. In 1819, a conflict arose surrounding the admission of Missouri. Missouri Compromise 1818 – 10 free states, 10 slave states Illinois admitted as 11th free state. The Missouri statehood bill was amended to say Missouri had to gradually free its slaves, which was blocked by the South in the Senate. During this time, Alabama was admitted as a slave state. The dispute over Missouri stirred discussion of a civil war and end of the Union. Henry Clay created the Missouri Compromise: Maine was admitted as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state, creating a sectional balance in the Senate. A line was set, south of the line, slavery was legal. North of the line - except in Missouri – slavery was prohibited.