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Name: ____________________________ Verb Best Friend:____________________ A. Action Verb - verb that tells what action someone or something is performing, will perform, or has performed 1) Transitive – performs an action on an object (transfer of energy) Ask the question “what?” or “whom?” to check. 2) Intransitive – does not perform an action on an object (no energy transfer) B. Linking Verb – verb that connects a sentence’s subject (noun or pronoun) to a word that describes it (usually adjective) in the predicate 1) “The Big Five” – am, are, is, was, were [most commonly used LVs] 2) “The Bee’s” – any LINKING VERB ending in –be, -being, or –been am being are being is being was being were being can be could be may be might be must be shall be should be will be would be have been has been had been could have been may have been might have been must have been shall have been should have been will have been would have been 3) “The (12) Others” – appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, turn, taste These verbs are unique because they can also act as action verbs in certain sentences. To tell the difference between ACTION and LINKING VERB, substitute one of “The Big Five”. C. Helping Verb – verb or verbs that work with the main verb (ACTION VERB) to give the reader a better idea of when the action takes place. Verb Phrase – name for the helping verb (or verbs) + the main verb (ACTION VERB) 1) The “To Be’s” – BE careful because these helping verbs look like linking verbs (“The Big Five” and “The Bee’s”) BUT they are used with an ACTION VERB not alone like a LINKING VERB 2) The “Not To Be’s” – do does did have has had shall should will would can could may might must Name: _____________________________ Best Friend: _____________________ Q: What is an adjective? A: Adjectives are parts of speech that are used to describe (modify) or give specific meaning to a noun Modify change through addition * Rules for Adjectives: Nouns can have an infinite amount of adjectives associated with them. Ex., the dusty, dirty, blue, four-door, expensive Land Rover. Land Rover is your proper noun. All the words that come before it describe your Land Rover. Be careful with this aspect of adjectives, sometimes sentences get confusing or too “wordy.” Adjectives appear in the sentence in only two ways (adjectives are bold and underlined): a.) The bold child screamed at his mother. b.) The child, who screamed at his mother, is bold. ** “is” is a linking verb, whose main function is to connect nouns in the subject with adjectives in the predicate. Possessive nouns, for example, “Jamie’s car” do act as adjectives! Adjectives answer the following questions: a.) “what kind?” blue car, tall boy, expensive watch b.) “which one?” that hotel, any dog, other door c.) “how many?” both pencils, five dollars, frequent conversations d.) “how much?” less effort, more determination, enough laughter * Types of Adjectives: 1) Descriptive Words general category of words that simply add clarification to a noun (big, small, tall, smelly, great, etc.) 2) A, AN—[both Indefinite Articles]—and THE—[a Definite Article]—are ALL considered to be adjectives. 3) Regular ole’ everyday common nouns – people, places, things, or ideas that answer the question “what kind?” or “which one?” Ex., words like car, orange, spaghetti, and book can become: - car dealership (what kind of dealership?) - orange juice, orange tree, orange sweater - spaghetti sauce, spaghetti dinner - book mobile, book shelf, book worm - dog collar, dog walker, dog bone 4) Proper Nouns – SPECIFIC (named) people, places, things, or ideas that answer the question what kind? or which one? Ex., words like New York, Statue of Liberty, New Hampshire, and McDonald’s can become: - New York streets (what kind of streets?) - Statue of Liberty brochure, Statue of Liberty guide - New Hampshire economy - McDonald’s employee 5) Pronouns used as Adjectives: a. Demonstrative – points toward a specific noun using THIS, THAT, THESE, and THOSE ex. These students will not be going to the fair. (these modifies students) b. Interrogative – always begin a question sentence using WHOSE, WHICH, and WHAT ex. Which car did you buy? (which modifies car) c. Possessive – shows ownership of the noun using HIS, HERS, ITS, OURS, YOURS, THEIRS, MY ex. Today is our wedding anniversary. (our modifies anniversary) d. Indefinite – does not show a definite number of something using ANOTHER, EACH, EITHER, LITTLE, NEITHER, ONE, OTHER, BOTH, FEW, MANY, SEVERAL, SOME, MOST, MORE, ANY, ALL ex. All students will pass this class. (all modifies students) 6) Action Verbs used as Adjectives – any –ed/-ing action verb can be used to modify a noun ex. Swimming, running, dancing * used as verb The team will be swimming for exercise this off-season. * used as an adjective The swimming ducks captured the attention of the wolf. * used as an adjective Mike will buy new running shoes at the store. * used as an adjective The dancing bear belongs in a circus. Name: _____________________________ Best Friend: _____________________ Q: What is an adverb? A: Adverbs are parts of speech that are used to describe (modify) or give specific meaning to a verb, adjective, or other adverbs Modify change through addition * Rules for Adverbs: Adverbs usually come before or after the word they modify. Be careful though because they can sometimes be located at the very beginning or end of the sentence. Ex., The car usually starts quickly. Ex., Usually, the car starts quickly. Adverbs answer the following questions: a.) “where?” slide under, run around b.) “when?” sails daily, leave soon c.) “in what manner?” (ie., How?) cheerfully humming, driving erractically d.) “to what extent?” (used when an ADV modifies and ADJ) widely known, very colorful shirt Adverbs usually end in –ly but NOT always! Words like very, quite, often, sometimes, now, and always act as adverbs. Nouns that answer the questions “where?” or “when?” something is occurring can also be Adverbs home, today, weekends, and yesterday. Ex., Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth. I played football yesterday. If you feel comfortable with prepositions and prepositional phrases, when seen alone, prepositions will be used as adverbs. Name: _____________________________ Best Friend: _____________________ Q: What is a phrase? A: A phrase is a group of words in the sentence without a subject or a verb, which functions in the sentence as a different part of speech. For example, some phrases can act as adjectives; others as adverbs. Phrases can be categorized as Prepositional, Participle, Gerund, Infinitive, and Appositive. __________________________________________________________________________________________ #1 Prepositional Phrases Q: What is a Prepositional Phrase? A: Prepositions never work alone. They combine with nouns (and the adjectives which add descriptions to nouns) to form a group of words called a Prepositional Phrase. Prepositional Phrases give additional information about nouns and verbs around them. They answer how, when, where, what kind, which one, and under what condition. Examples: How?: He talked (with a Boston accent). When?: We left (on Sunday). Where?: She parked her car (in the driveway). What Kind?: She does not like clothes (from the GAP). Which One?: The boy (in the gym) felt sick. Under what condition?: This wedding has me feeling (under some stress). Frequently used prepositions: Aboard Before Despite Near Through Within About Behind Down Of Throughout Without Above Below During Off Till According to Across Beneath Except On To Apart From After Beside For Opposite Toward Because of Against Besides From Out Under In addition to Along Between In Outside Underneath In back of Amid Beyond Inside Over Until In front of Among But Into Past Up Instead of Around By Like Round Upon Next to Since With Out of At Prior to Rules: 1) A Prepositional Phrase will only start with a preposition and only contain adjectives [with an adverb modifying it] and pronouns or nouns. Example with a Boston accent. “With” is a preposition and both “a” and “Boston” modify accent. 2) A Preposition without a phrase is an adverb. Example Prep Phrase Our school bus drove (by the house). Example Adverb Our school bus drove [by]. 3) Prepositional Phrases can show a time or space relationship between two objects in the sentence. The prep phrase tells us where the house is in relation to the bus in the sentence above. 4) Prepositional Phrases will be used as either an ADJECTIVE or an ADVERB. They use the same rules that we have already covered for regular, individual adjectives and adverbs. Prep Phrase as an ADJ The boy (in the gym) felt sick. “In the gym” is a prep phrase which modifies the noun, “boy.” Like other adjectives, prepositional phrases answer the questions “What kind?” or “Which one?” Prep Phrase as an ADV We ran (through the rain). “Through the rain” is a prep phrase which modifies the verb, “ran.” Like other adverbs, prepositional phrases answer the questions “Where?”, “When?”, and “How?” __________________________________________________________________________________________ #2 Participles and Participles Phrases any –ING [Present] or –ED [Past] verb used as an adjective Example The flickering candle partially lit the room. “Flickering” ends in –ING and modifies the noun “candle,” so it is considered a Present Participle. Example The crooked politician stole $1 million dollars. “Crooked” ends in –ED and modifies the noun “politician,” so it is considered a Past Participle. Example Flickering in the room, the candle smelled like apples. Participle Phrases are created when a Past or Present Participle is combined with a Prepositional Phrase. “Flickering” ends in –ING, “in the room” is a Prepositional Phrase, and both modify the noun, “candle.” #3 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases any –ING verb used as a noun Example Skiing has been great at Sno Mountain. “Skiing” ends in –ING but acts as a noun because it is a thing. Example Completing the homework is the key to success. The phrase “completing the homework” acts as the subject of the sentence. Gerund phrases are created when adding an –ING to a noun. #4 Infinitives the word TO + any verb that acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb Example To run after school is a great release. The phrase “to” plus the verb “run” act as the noun in the sentence. #5 Appositives and Appositive Phrases a noun/pronoun or group of nouns/pronouns placed next to a noun or pronoun that identifies it [most are found inside commas]. Example The quarterback, Peyton Manning, made the commercial. Peyton Manning acts as an appositive because it gives us more information about which quarterback made the commercial. Name: _____________________________ Best Friend: _____________________ Q: What is a Clause? A: All Clauses (Independent or Dependent) contain a subject [noun] and a verb. __________________________________________________________________________________________ #1 Independent Clause: Q: What is an Independent Clause? A: An Independent Clause (Indy for short) contains a subject, verb, and complete thought, which makes it a complete sentence. The Patriots will be playing in the Super Bowl on Sunday. = Sentence/Indy Clause + The Steelers are still Mr. Moe’s favorite team = Sentence/Indy Clause = The Patriots will be playing in the Super Bowl on Sunday, but the Steelers are still Mr. Moe’s favorite team. The big “but” above is an example of a Coordinating Conjunction (CC). When two independent clauses are combined in a sentence, the second begins with a coordinating conjunction and a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction Coordinating Conjunctions and, but, for, or, nor, so, & yet You can take the above sentence and combine the two Independent clauses using an Independent Marker (IM). These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second Independent Clause in a sentence has an Independent Marker word, a semicolon is needed before the Independent Marker word. The Patriots will be playing in the Super Bowl on Sunday; however the Steelers are still Mr. Moe’s favorite team. Independent Marker : also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore __________________________________________________________________________________________ #2 Dependent Clause (a.k.a., Subordinate Clause): Q: What is an Dependent Clause? A: A Dependent Clause has a subject and a verb but NO complete thought, so it CANNOT stand alone as a sentence. They can act as both Adjectives and Adverbs. Ex. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. [Leaves you asking the question, huh?] Type #1: Adjective Clause modifies a noun Q1: Q2: The car that I bought last year needs new tires. The Dependent Clause “that I bough last year” contains both a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone. In the original sentence, it gives us more information about the noun “car.” Adjective Dependent Clauses begin with two types of words: Relative Pronouns That, Who, Whose, Whom, Which Relative Adverbs Before, Since, Why, When, Where Type #2: Adverb Clause modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb Even though we fought hard, our team did not win. The Dependent Clause “even though we fought hard” contains a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone. In the original sentence, it gives us more information the verb “win.” Adverb Dependent Clauses begin with one type of word: Subordinating Conjunctions (SC) Q1: Q2: Q3: Q4: after eventhough unless although if until as in order that when * as if since whenever as long as so that where * because then wherever before though while * -- can also be relative adverbs!!