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Weapons of Mass
Destruction
Keneatha Nason, MPH
Walden University
MPH 6165-5
Dr. Rebecca Heick
Summer, 2009
Introduction
• Since 9/11 the world has been on alert
• Public Health is at the forefront of
biological agents terrorist attack
• CDC list of category A agents:
– Based on how easy they are to obtain weaponries
– Disseminate
– How much death, damage, disruption or fear they might cause
Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response – Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Work Group.
Retrieved on June 15, 2009 from http://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/RR/RR2904.pdf.
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, IncRichmond, T. (2002).
Terrorism in the United States Since 9/11. Thorofare, J. Slack, Inc.
Purpose
• The purpose of this presentation is to
inform the community representatives on
the current biological weapons, and their
possible impact on the community.
Objectives
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Ability to identify the three forms of Anthrax.
Ability to identify who can be a host to Smallpox.
Ability to identify what is visual symptom of Smallpox.
Able to identify where Tularemia naturally occurs.
Identify what types of precautions to use with SARS.
Ability to identify how Bird Flu can be transmitted to
humans.
Anthrax
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A bacterial disease
Not transmitted from person to person
Agent: Bacillus anthracis
Three major routes
– Inhalation: Most dangerous!
– Cutaneous
– Gastrointestinal
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, Medical and Public Health Management. JAMA, May 12,1999.
Richmond, T. (2002). Terrorism in the United States Since 9/11. Thorofare, J. Slack, Inc .
Anthrax
• If Inhalation spores are released
– Flu like symptoms
– Incubation 1-6
• Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA)
– 6 dose series
• Standard Precaution
• Alert local health department
Hunt, R. (2009). Retrieved on July 14, 2009 from http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/anthrax-pennsylvania.htm
Richmond, T. (2002). Terrorism in the United States Since 9/11. Thorofare, J. Slack, Inc.
Schneider, M.J. (2006, 2nd Ed) Introduction to Public Health. Sudbury, Mass, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Figure 1
Smallpox
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Infectious disease
Humans ONLY Host
Two forms: Variola major, Variola minor
Signs/Symptoms: high fever, aches
Lesions are superficial: (more on trunk, face, and
extremities)
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, Medical and Public Health Management.
JAMA, May 12,1999.
Lynn F. Fischer, The Threat of Domestic Terrorism, Terrorism Research Center, at 2007. Retrieved on July 9, 2009
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml.
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Smallpox
• Eradicated by WHO in 1977
• Any case will be an Public Health
Emergency
• Person must be isolated
• Vaccination available (3-5 days from exposure for best results)
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon,
Medical and Public Health Management. JAMA, May 12,1999.
Figure 2
Tularemia
• Used a biological agent in history
• Zoonotic bacterial disease
• In most rural areas except Hawaii
Ceci Connolly, "Bioterrorism Vulnerability Cited," The Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, Medical and Public Health Management.
JAMA, May 12, 1999.
Lynn F. Fischer, The Threat of Domestic Terrorism, Terrorism Research Center, at 2007. Retrieved on July 9, 2009
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Tularemia
• Airborne F. Tularensis
– Cause pleuropneumonic infection
– Lymph nodes swollen and tender
– Pneumonic NOT transmitted person to person
– Medical emergency
– Standard precautions
Ceci Connolly, "Bioterrorism Vulnerability Cited," The Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, Medical and Public Health Management.
JAMA, May 12, 1999.
Lynn F. Fischer, The Threat of Domestic Terrorism, Terrorism Research Center, at 2007. Retrieved on July 9, 2009
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
SARS
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)
• First reported in Asia in February 2002
• US there were 192 recovered cases
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Medical Management of Biological
Casualties Handbook Retrieved on July 11, 2009.
http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HandbookonBioCas/Handbook.htm.
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland
Press, Inc.
SARS
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High fever
Droplet precautions
Person to Pperson
No vaccine
Same treatment as other people who have
serious pneumonia
AP Wide Photos. Retrieved on July 10, 2009 from http://www.cdcfoundation.org/healththreats/sars.aspx
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook Retrieved on July 11, 2009.
http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HandbookonBioCas/Handbook.htm.
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml
Figure 3
Avian Bird Flu
• Large group of influenza (flu) viruses that
primarily affect birds.
• Transmission from bird to human is
through handling
• Transmission from human to human is
through coughs, sneezes, and touching
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Medical Management of Biological Casualties
Handbook Retrieved on July 11, 2009. http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HandbookonBioCas/Handbook.htm.
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml
Avian Bird Flu
• Bird migration is one possible route of
introduction of highly pathogenic H5N1
virus but it is not known how likely this
could be.
• No currently available human vaccine for
the H5N1
• Can give treatment for flu like infection
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Medical Management of
Biological Casualties Handbook Retrieved on July 11, 2009.
http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HandbookonBioCas/Handbook.htm.
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml
The End
Ceci Connolly, "Bioterrorism Vulnerability Cited," The Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
Lynn F. Fischer, The Threat of Domestic Terrorism, Terrorism Research Center, at 2007. Retrieved on July 9, 2009
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml.
References
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Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response – Recommendations of the CDC Strategic
Planning Work Group. Retrieved on June 15, 2009 from http://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/RR/RR2904.pdf.
Ceci Connolly, "Bioterrorism Vulnerability Cited," The Washington Post, September 28, 2001.
Figure 1. Hunt, R. (2009). Retrieved on July 14, 2009 from http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/anthrax-pennsylvania.htm
Figure 2. Smallpox.(n.d.). Retrieved on July 13, 2009 from
http://www.randomhouse.com/features/preston/cobraevent/smallpox1.html
Figure 3. AP Wide Photos. Retrieved on July 10, 2009 from http://www.cdcfoundation.org/healththreats/sars.aspx
Inglesby TV. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, Medical and Public Health
Management. JAMA, May 12, 1999.
Lynn F. Fischer, The Threat of Domestic Terrorism, Terrorism Research Center, at 2007. Retrieved on July 9, 2009
Nadaskavukaren, A.(2006).Our global environment, a health perspective (6th ed.) . Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Richmond, T. (2002). Terrorism in the United States Since 9/11. Thorofare, J. Slack, Inc.
Schneider, M.J. (2006, 2nd Ed) Introduction to Public Health. Sudbury, Mass, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) Medical Management of Biological Casualties
Handbook Retrieved on July 11, 2009. http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/Documents/HandbookonBioCas/Handbook.htm.
http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/DomesticThreat.shtml.
Further Reading
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Henderson, D., Inglesby, T., O’toole, T. (2002).Bioterrorism guidelines for
medical and public health management. JAMA and Archives
Journal.Chicago: AMA Press.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/caruso110601.htm
Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2008/08/02/AR2008080201624.html
Zubay,G. Agents of Bioterrorism. Columbia Press. 2008.