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Bio 101 Cumulative FINAL Homework 1. The energy an organism requires to transport materials and eliminate wastes is obtained directly from A) DNA C) hormones B) starch D) ATP 2. Respiration is best described as a process by which A) B) C) D) necessary nutrients are circulated hydrogen is used to synthesize glucose metabolic wastes are absorbed chemical energy is converted into a usable form 3. Which life function is primarily involved in the conversion of the energy stored in organic molecules to a form directly usable by a cell? A) absorption C) digestion B) circulation D) respiration 4. The scientific name for the fruit fly is Drosophila melanogaster. What classification group does the word Drosophila refers to? A) kingdom C) genus B) phylum D) species 5. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents levels of organization in living things. Which term would best represent X? A) human C) stomach B) tissue D) chloroplast 6. Which statement describes an exception to the cell theory? A) Plants and animals are made up of structural units known as cells. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genetic material and can replicate. C) All cells arise from preexisting cells. D) The cell is the basic functional unit of all living things. Prof. Fournier Cumulative FINAL Homework 7. Which row in the chart below contains a cell structure paired with its primary function? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 8. If the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed, what effect would this most likely have on the cell? A) It would stimulate mitotic cell division. B) The cell would be unable to synthesize proteins. C) Development of abnormal hereditary features would occur in the cell. D) Increased protein absorption would occur through the cell membrane. 9. The largest amount of DNA in a plant cell is contained in A) a nucleus C) a protein molecule B) a chromosome D) an enzyme molecule 10. The diagram below represents a biological process Which set of molecules is best represented by letters A and B? A) A: oxygen and water B: glucose B) A: glucose B: carbon dioxide and water C) A: carbon dioxide and water B: glucose D) A: glucose B: oxygen and water 11. Water is classified as an inorganic compound because it A) B) C) D) does not contain carbon does not contain nitrogen contains hydrogen contains oxygen 12. Which formula represents an organic compound? A) Mg(OH)2 C) Cl2H22O11 B) NaCl D) NH3 13. All cells of an organism are engaged in many different chemical reactions. This fact is best supported by the presence in each cell of thousands of different kinds of A) enzymes C) chloroplasts B) nuclei D) organelles D) 4 14. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic by-product of cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms. The reaction below occurs within the cells to prevent the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. In this reaction, catalase functions as an A) B) C) D) enzyme in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide enzyme in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide emulsifier in the digestion of hydrogen peroxide indicator in the detection of hydrogen peroxide Cumulative FINAL Homework Base your answers to questions 15 and 16 on the graph below and your knowledge of biology. 15. Neither enzyme works at a pH of A) 1 B) 5 C) 3 D) 13 16. Pepsin works best in which type of environment? A) acidic, only C) neutral B) basic, only D) sometimes acidic, sometimes basic 17. The enzyme amylase will affect the breakdown of carbohydrates, but it will not affect the breakdown of proteins. The ability of an enzyme molecule to interact with specific molecules is most directly determined by the A) B) C) D) 19. What substance could be represented by the letter X in the diagram below? shapes of the molecules involved number of molecules involved sequence of bases present in ATP amount of glucose present in the cell 18. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents stages in the digestion of a starch, and on your knowledge of biology. A) carbohydrates C) carbon dioxide The structure labeled X most likely represents A) an antibody C) an enzyme B) a receptor molecule D) a hormone B) ozone D) water Cumulative FINAL Homework 20. Some structural formulas of organic molecules are shown below. Which structural formulas represent carbohydrate molecules? A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 2 21. Two molecules of the type illustrated below are combined by dehydration synthesis. Combining these two molecules produces A) a protein C) maltose B) a lipid D) starch 22. Plants store carbohydrates in the form of A) amino acids C) starch B) fatty acids D) nucleic acids 23. What are the end products of the hydrolysis of a polysaccharide? A) simple sugars C) fatty acids B) amino acids D) nucleotides 24. Vegetable oils, such as corn oil, belong to which general class of organic substances? A) lipids C) carbohydrates B) proteins D) salts D) 4 and 3 Cumulative FINAL Homework 25. Base your answer to the following question on on the chart below and your knowledge of Biology. Which belongs in section G ? A) B) C) D) 26. Which substances are produced by the hydrolysis of an oil? A) B) C) D) water and nucleic acids amino acids and dipeptides fatty acids and glycerol glucose and water 27. Which statement concerning proteins is not correct? A) B) C) D) Proteins are long, usually folded, chains. The shape of a protein molecule determines its function. Proteins can be broken down and used for energy. Proteins are bonded together, resulting in simple sugars. 28. What is the shape of a protein molecule influenced by? A) B) C) D) whether it is organic or inorganic changes in temperature or pH the number of genes found in the nucleus the number of chromosomes in the cell 29. Maple trees and tulips are classified as autotrophs because they both A) produce gametes by the process of mitosis B) produce carbon dioxide and water as metabolic wastes C) are able to obtain complex organic materials from the environment D) are able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic raw materials 30. Scientists studying ocean organisms are discovering new and unusual species. Which observation could be used to determine that an ocean organism is a plant cell? A) B) C) D) Chloroplasts are visible inside the cells. Digestive organs are visible upon dissection. The organism lives close to the surface. The organism makes molecules that help digest food. Cumulative FINAL Homework 31. Which process usually uses carbon dioxide molecules? A) cellular respiration C) active transport 40. The diagram below represents a portion of the human body. B) asexual reproduction D) autotrophic nutrition 32. Which activity of autotrophs makes radiant energy available for use by heterotrophic organisms to perform essential cell functions? A) hydrolysis C) respiration B) photosynthesis D) digestion 33. Which structure is most directly responsible for maintaining homeostasis in all cells? A) chloroplast C) centriole B) cell membrane D) cell wall 34. Which molecule will most likely diffuse through a cell membrane? A) starch B) water C) protein D) DNA 35. A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when A) it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starch B) it is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuole C) the concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell than inside D) the pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell 36. After a cookie has been digested, glucose molecules enter the bloodstream by the process of A) phagocytosis C) ingestion B) diffusion D) pinocytosis 37. Which process produces the greatest quantity of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? A) aerobic respiration C) photosynthesis B) lactic acid production D) fermentation 38. The formation of lactic acid in human muscle cells is most closely associated with A) B) C) D) muscle fatigue protein synthesis an increase in alcohol consumption an increase in glucose production 39. Anaerobic respiration is considered to be less efficient than aerobic respiration because A) less lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration B) anaerobic respiration requires more oxygen than aerobic respiration C) the net gain of ATP molecules is less in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration D) less energy is required during anaerobic respiration than aerobic respiration The principal function of structure X is to A) B) C) D) produce salivary enzymes secrete sex hormones absorb water digest bile 41. Which type of digestion occurs in the mouth when an individual chews a piece of bread? A) B) C) D) mechanical digestion, only chemical digestion, only both mechanical and chemical digestion neither mechanical nor chemical digestion Cumulative FINAL Homework 42. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the pathway of blood throughout the body, and on your knowledge of biology. Which structure represents the chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs? A) 5 B) 6 C) 3 43. Which chamber of the human heart receives most of the blood returning from the brain? A) left ventricle C) left atrium B) right ventricle D) right atrium 44. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this disease again. This situation is an example of A) biological control C) active immunity B) negative feedback D) passive immunity 45. A heart attack may be due to all of the following except A) an increase in arterial blood pressure B) oxygen deprivation of cardiac muscle C) narrowing of the arteries transporting blood to the heart muscle D) decreased consumption of complex carbohydrates 46. An increase in breathing rate can be triggered by an increase in the A) B) C) D) carbon dioxide content of the blood oxygen content of the atmosphere number of platelets in the blood number of red blood cells 47. Which is an activity controlled primarily by the autonomic nervous system? A) thinking during an exam B) writing your name C) regulating heartbeat D) chewing food D) 4 Cumulative FINAL Homework 48. The diagram below represents division of a cell that produces two daughter cells. Which statement most likely describes the daughter cells produced? A) B) C) D) The daughter cells will pass on only half of the genetic information they received from the original cell. The daughter cells will each produce offspring that will have the same genetic information as the original cell. The daughter cells will each undergo the same mutations as the original cell after reproduction has occurred. The daughter cells will not pass on any of the genes that they received from the original cell. 49. The number in each circle below represents the chromosome number of the cell. Which diagram represents the production of offspring by an asexually reproducing organism A) 50. A cell in the stem tip of a corn plant contains 20 chromosomes. After this cell divides, how many chromosomes should each resulting daughter cell contain? A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40 51. Which statement most accurately compares mitotic cell division in plant and animal cells? B) A) It is exactly the same in plant and animal cells. B) The walls of plant cells pinch in, but the membranes of animal cells do not. C) Most plant cells use centrioles, but most animal cells do not. D) In both plants and animals, the daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. 52. The uncontrolled division of certain body cells, which then invade the surrounding tissues and interfere with the normal functioning of the body, is known as A) cancer C) cleavage C) B) regeneration D) oogenesis 53. Which process is most directly involved in the production of egg cells by a female frog? A) meiosis C) regeneration D) B) metamorphosis D) cleavage 54. A dogfish shark contains 24 chromosomes in each of its muscle cells. How many chromosomes are normally found in each of its sex cells? A) 6 B) 12 C) 24 D) 48 55. Which cell is normally produced as a direct result of meiosis? A) a uterine cell having half the normal species number of chromosomes B) an egg having the full species number of chromosomes C) a zygote having the full species number of chromosomes D) a sperm having half the normal species number of chromosomes Cumulative FINAL Homework 56. The chromosome number of a cell produced by mitotic cell division is represented by 2n. If that cell had been produced by meiotic cell division, its chromosome number would be represented by A) n 2 B) n C) 2n D) 4n 57. Most embryos that develop internally obtain food and oxygen through the A) allantois C) amnion B) chorion D) placenta 58. Which mutation in a fruit fly could be passed on to its offspring? A) a mutation in a cell of an eye that changes the color of the eye B) a mutation in a leg cell that causes the leg to be shorter C) a mutation in a sperm cell that changes the shape of the wing D) a mutation in a cell of the digestive tract that produces a different enzyme 59. Using the results of his experiments with pea plant crosses, what did Gregor Mendel discover? A) the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment B) that pea plants develop mutations after exposure to radiation C) intermediate inheritance and gene linkage D) that DNA is involved in the inheritance of dominant traits 60. After observing the offspring of many generations of pea plant crosses, Gregor Mendel formulated the principle of A) dominance C) crossing-over B) polyploidy D) mutation 61. Gregor Mendel formulated some basic principles of heredity from the results of his experiments with A) Drosophila C) four-o'clock plants B) bacteria D) pea plants 62. Which process will increase variations that could be inherited? A) mitotic cell division B) active transport C) recombination of genes D) synthesis of proteins Cumulative FINAL Homework Base your answers to questions 63 and 64 on the pedigree chart below, which shows a history of ear lobe shape, and on your knowledge of biology. 63. The genotype of individual 2 could be A) EE, only B) Ee, only C) ee D) EE or Ee C) ee D) EE or Ee 64. The genotype of individual 1 could be A) EE, only B) Ee, only 65. What term would best be used to describe an organism possessing two identical genes for a trait? A) heterozygous C) homozygous 71. Base your answer to the following question on Which process is illustrated by the diagram below? B) hybrid D) incompletely dominant 66. In canaries, the gene for singing (S) is dominant over the gene for non-singing (s). When hybrid singing canaries are mated with non-singing canaries, what percentage of the offspring is likely to possess the singing trait? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100% 67. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this litter was most likely A) GG × Gg C) Gg × gg B) GO × GO D) gg × gg 68. In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds is dominant over the gene for green seeds. Which procedure can be used to determine if a plant that produces yellow seeds is homozygous or heterozygous? A) B) C) D) crossing it with plants that are homozygous for yellow seeds crossing it with plants that are homozygous for green seeds crossing it with plants that are known to contain mutant genes exposing it to high doses of radiation 69. Which statement best describes a chromosome? A) B) C) D) It is a gene that has thousands of different forms. It has genetic information contained in DNA. It is a reproductive cell that influences more than one trait. It contains hundreds of genetically identical DNA molecules. 70. Hereditary information for most traits is generally located in A) B) C) D) genes found on chromosomes chromosomes found on genes the mitochondria of gametes the lysosomes in the cytoplasm A) crossing-over C) sex determination B) nondisjunction D) independent assortment 72. Which statement best describes the process of crossing-over? A) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations. B) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate. C) It takes place between homologous chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation rate. D) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes and results in new gene combinations. 73. A characteristic of mutations is that they usually A) B) C) D) are caused only by the events of mitosis do not occur at random result in different genetic sequences occur to meet the needs of a species Cumulative FINAL Homework 74. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of paired homologous chromosomes shown below and on your knowledge of biology. 80. In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T represent A) phosphate groups C) nitrogenous bases B) deoxyribose sugars D) ribose sugars 81. If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the base sequence A-A-U, the corresponding transfer RNA base sequence is A) A-A-U B) G-G-T Which technique was used to organize the chromosomes as shown in the diagram? A) screening C) karyotyping B) chromatography D) grafting 75. The sex of a person depends on A) B) C) D) the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the egg cell the genetic makeup of autosomes found in the sperm cell whether the unfertilized egg contains an X- or Y-chromosome whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg contains an X- or Y-chromosome 76. A normal human egg cell contains A) B) C) D) 22 autosomes and one X-chromosome 22 autosomes and one Y-chromosome 44 autosomes and XX-chromosomes 44 autosomes and XY-chromosomes 77. The diagram below represents an incomplete section of a DNA molecule. The boxes represent unidentified bases. When the boxes are filled in, what will the total number of bases represented by the letter A (both inside and outside the boxes) be? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 78. Which molecule has the shape of a double-stranded helix? A) RNA B) DNA C) ADP D) ATP 79. In addition to a phosphate group, a DNA nucleotide could contain A) B) C) D) thymine and deoxyribose uracil and deoxyribose thymine and ribose uracil and ribose C) T-T-C D) U-U-A Cumulative FINAL Homework 82. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below of a biochemical process and on your knowledge of biology. Which amino acid would be transferred to the position of codon CAC? A) leucine B) glycine C) valine Base your answers to questions 83 and 84 on the diagram below of a biochemical process that occurs within cells and on your knowledge of biology. 83. The process represented in the diagram is A) lipid digestion C) protein synthesis B) cell respiration D) protein hydrolysis 84. The process represented in the diagram occurs on the cell organelle known as a A) vacuole C) chloroplast B) ribosome D) mitochondrion D) histidine Cumulative FINAL Homework 85. The arrows in the diagram below indicate the development of four different varieties of vegetable plants from wild mustard. Each of these varieties was most likely produced as a result of A) asexual reproduction in the wild for many years C) competition between plants B) changes in light availability D) selective breeding over many generations 86. In some cases, humans have chosen to mate certain individual farm animals within a species. For example, by allowing only the largest cattle to reproduce over many generations, strains of very large cattle have been produced. This process is known as A) natural selection C) selective breeding B) direct harvesting D) dynamic equilibrium 87. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories. What is this technique an example of? A) chromatography C) direct harvesting B) gel electrophoresis D) genetic engineering 88. Most species on Earth have changed through time. This change is known as A) isolation C) ecology B) geology D) evolution Cumulative FINAL Homework 89. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A) natural selection C) dynamic equilibrium B) genetic manipulation D) material cycle 90. Darwin's theory of evolution is based on A) B) C) D) 96. The diagrams below illustrate three homologous structures. variation and natural selection use and disuse spontaneous genetic mutations transmission of acquired characteristics 91. Geographic and reproductive isolation are most closely associated with A) speciation C) overproduction B) extinction D) competition 92. Members of a population may become separated from the original population by a newly formed mountain range. This occurrence is an example of A) geographic isolation C) natural selection B) reproductive isolation D) struggle for existence 93. Since variations between offspring are important in the process of natural selection, evolution would be expected to occur more rapidly in species that reproduce by the process of A) budding C) sexual reproduction B) asexual reproduction D) sporulation 94. The embryos of fish, chickens, and pigs have gill slits and a tail. The presence of these features suggests that A) B) C) D) all these animals can swim pigs developed from chickens these animals may have had a common ancestor gill slits and tails are required for embryonic development 95. A researcher recently discovered a new species of bacteria in the body of a tubeworm living near a hydrothermal vent. He compared the DNA of this new bacterial species to the DNA of four other species of bacteria. The DNA sequences came from the same part of the bacterial chromosome of all four species. According to these data, the unknown bacterial species is most closely related to A) species I C) species III B) species II D) species IV The structural similarities represented in the diagrams are considered supporting evidence for A) B) C) D) the heterotroph hypothesis a common ancestry use and disuse geographic isolation 97. Which term describes appendages that may have different functions, but are similar in structure an are assumed to have the same evolutionary origin? A) fossils C) homologous B) homozygous D) mutations 98. The portion of Earth in which all life exists is known as A) the climax stage C) a population B) the biosphere D) a biotic community Cumulative FINAL Homework 99. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows areas on a mountain that represent some major biomes. Which major biome is found throughout most of New York State? A) B) C) D) tundra taiga temperate deciduous forest tropical rain forest 100. Which concept is best represented in the diagram below? A) random mutations C) genetic engineering B) ecological succession D) direct harvesting 101. A volcanic eruption destroyed a forest, covering the soil with volcanic ash. For many years, only small plants could grow. Slowly, soil formed in which shrubs and trees could grow. These changes are an example of A) manipulation of genes C) ecological succession B) evolution of a species D) equilibrium 102. In which symbiotic relationship do two different species benefit from their association with one another? A) saprophytism C) mutualism B) commensalism D) parasitism 103. A relationship between a consumer and producer is best illustrated by a A) B) C) D) snake eating a bird tree absorbing minerals fungus breaking down wastes deer eating grass 104. The size of a mouse population in a natural ecosystem tends to remain relatively constant due to A) B) C) D) the carrying capacity of the environment the lack of natural predators the cycling of energy increased numbers of decomposers Cumulative FINAL Homework 105. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a pyramid of energy that includes both producers and consumers. 107. Which organism is a primary consumer? A) alga C) sunfish B) crustacean D) great blue heron 108. Which level of the pyramid contains autotrophic organisms? A) A B) B C) C D) D 109. Which factor is a major cause of global warming? On which level is the greatest amount of available energy found? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Base your answers to questions 106 through 108 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A) B) C) D) increased burning of fuels increased number of green plants decreased mineral availability decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 110. Human impact on the environment is often more dramatic than the impact of most other living things because humans have a greater A) B) C) D) need for water need for food ability to adapt to change ability to alter the environment 111. Deforestation would most immediately result in A) B) C) D) 106. Which level of the pyramid contains the greatest biomass? A) A B) B C) C D) D the disappearance of native species industrialization of an area the depletion of the ozone shield global warming Answer Key Final Homework 1. D 42. D 83. C 2. D 43. D 84. B 3. D 44. C 85. D 4. C 45. D 86. C 5. B 46. A 87. D 6. B 47. C 88. D 7. A 48. B 89. A 8. B 49. C 90. A 9. A 50. B 91. A 10. C 51. D 92. A 11. A 52. A 93. C 12. C 53. A 94. C 13. A 54. B 95. D 14. A 55. D 96. B 15. D 56. B 97. C 16. A 57. D 98. B 17. A 58. C 99. C 18. C 59. A 100. B 19. A 60. A 101. C 20. A 61. D 102. C 21. C 62. C 103. D 22. C 63. C 104. A 23. A 64. D 105. A 24. A 65. C 106. D 25. B 66. C 107. B 26. C 67. C 108. D 27. D 68. B 109. A 28. B 69. B 110. D 29. D 70. A 111. A 30. A 71. A 31. D 72. A 32. B 73. C 33. B 74. C 34. B 75. D 35. C 76. A 36. B 77. C 37. A 78. B 38. A 79. A 39. C 80. C 40. C 81. D 41. C 82. D