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A Crash Course in
English Grammar
The Mrs. Denton Edition
The Eight Parts of
Speech
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Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
Interjection
Conjunction
The Noun
• It is a person, place, thing, or idea
• When it is proper, it is capitalized
The Pronoun
• They are words that take the place of a
noun.
• The noun they replace is called the
antecedent.
– Jeremy brought his book to class.
• Pronouns must agree with the antecedent
in number and gender.
– For instance, you would not write: “I like
Amber. He is a nice girl.”
Types of Pronouns
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Personal
Reflexive
Relative
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Indefinite
The Personal Pronoun
• Refers to the one speaking (1st person), the one
spoken to (2nd person), and the one spoken about
(3rd person)
• 1st person pronouns– I, me, us, we, our, ours
• 2nd person pronouns- you, your, yours
• 3rd person pronouns- he, him, his, hers, it, its,
they, them, theirs
• Example: I would like you to go with him.
Indefinite Pronoun
• It is indefinite in number and gender. You do not
know who the antecedent specifically is.
• They can be adjectives. If they are acting as
adjectives, you label them “adjective” instead of
“pronoun.”
• Example:
– Everyone can bring a treat to class tomorrow.
– Will you bring each player a drink? (It is an adjective in
this sentence)
Demonstrative
• Points out a person, a place, thing, or idea
(noun)
• This, that, these, and those
• Can also be adjectives if placed before a
noun. If they are adjectives, label them
“adjective.”
• Example:
– This is my favorite class.
– I might bring this class a treat.
Reflexive
• Refers to the subject and directs the
action of the verb back to the subject.
• They can be first, second, or third person.
Examples:
I want to treat myself to a facial.
Juan likes to go by himself to the movies.
Relative
• Introduces a subordinate clause (what is a
subordinate clause?)
• That, which, who, whom, whose
• Example:
– I would like to go to the movie that starts at
10.
– I read the book by the author who writes in
her pajamas.
Interrogative
• Asks a question
• Which? Whose? What? Whom?
Who?
The Verb
• Action
• Helping
• Linking
The Helping Verb
• What they look like—
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–
–
–
am, are, be, been, being, is, was, were
do, does, did
have, has, had
can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will,
would
• What they do–
– They help the main verb
Linking Verb
• They “link” the subject to something that either renames or
describes it.
• They do not perform an action
• Sense words (taste, smell, hear, look, etc) can be either
linking or action depending on what they are doing in the
sentence.
• Example:
– The turkey tastes good. In this sentence, “tastes” is a linking
verb because it is not an action. The turkey is not tasting
something.
Action Verb
• They show either physical (jump, run,
skip) or mental (dream, imagine,
think) action
• Example: I tasted the turkey.
Action Verbs Can Be. . .
• Transitive
– Has a Direct Object
– Example: I swam the marathon.
• Intransitive
– Does not have a Direct Object
– Example: I swam well.
The Core Parts of the
Sentence
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Subject
Simple Predicate
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Predicate Adjective
Predicate Nominative
What Is the Difference Between a
Part of Speech and a Part of the
Sentence?
A part of a sentence is a part of
speech that performs a specific role
in a sentence. For instance, a noun
can perform the role of a subject,
direct object, indirect object, or
predicate nominative.
Subjects
• Location: At the beginning
• Function: What the sentence is
about
• Part of Speech: Nouns or Pronouns
Are All Nouns Subjects?
No!!!!! A noun can perform
many functions in a sentence, not
just the subject role.
Simple Predicate
Location: Usually after the subject
Function: What the subject is doing or
it connects the subject to something
that describes or renames it
Types: Linking and Action
Part of Speech: Verb
Practice
1. After the ballgame, Joe went to
the party.
2. When you set the table, you need to
be sure to include spoons.
3. Marsha likes to draw and paint.
Complements
• What are they?
– A word that comes after the verb and
completes either the meaning of the
verb or the subject
– Two types—
• Subject complements that follow a linking
verb and complete the subject
• Object complements that follow an action
verb and complete the verb
Object Complements
• Follow ACTION VERBS!!!
• Direct Objects– follow an action verb
and answer “whom?” or “what?”
• Indirect Objects– come between an
action verb and a direct object and
answer “to whom?” “to what?” “for
whom?” “for what?”
• Ex. I sent Mrs. Richey an email.
Subject Complements
• Follow LINKING VERBS!!
• Predicate nominative– Follows a
linking verb and RENAMES the
subject
– Ex. I am a teacher.
• Predicate adjective– Follows a linking
verb and DESCRIBES the subject
– Ex. I am exhausted.
Practice
1. Sir Author Conan Doyle certainly gave
readers a wonderful gift when he created
the character of Sherlock Holmes.
2. Holmes is a master of the science of
deduction.
3. He observes seemingly insignificant clues.
4. The Hound of the Baskervilles is an
excellent example of how Holmes solves a
baffling mystery.
The Phrase
• What is it?
– A group of related words
– WITHOUT a subject and its verb
– That acts as a part of speech
The Phrase
• Prepositional
• Verbal
• Appositive
Prepositional Phrases
• Role: Usually show location. They
add spice and specificity to
sentences.
• Parts of speech: adjective or adverb
Adjective Prepositional
Phrases
• Which one? Or What Kind?
• Nouns or pronouns
• Close to what they modify
Example: I want the book on the
bookshelf.
Adverbial Prepositional
Phrases
• When? Where? How? To what
extent?
• Adjective, Adverbs, Verbs
• If it is at the beginning, it is adverb.
They can be anywhere, however.
Example: After the game, will you get
me some ice cream?
The Verbal Phrase
• What is it?
– A verb phrase that acts as a noun,
adjective, or adverb
– There are two types we have learned
about:
• Infinitive
• Participial
The Participial Phrase
• What is it?
– A verbal phrase that begins with a
participle and acts like an adjective
– Participles are either present (-ing) or
past (-ed) tense verbs
– Example:
• Running down the street, I tripped and fell.
Clues to help you find
participial phrases
• Look for a verb that is not acting like the
predicate, that is not in the main part of
the sentence.
• Look for COMMAS!!
Example:
I looked at the geese flying
overhead.
Cracking her gum, Arleta entered the
room.
The Infinitive Phrase
• A verb phrase that begins with “to” that
acts like a noun, adjective, or adverb
• Clue: Look for the “to!”
• Tricky—”to” can also start a prepositional
phrase.
Example:
To clean her room, Arleta had to
open the blinds.
Practice!! Find the verbals and label them
participial or infinitive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
After school, I like to eat peanut butter
sandwiches.
During school, we hear the announcements read
by Coach Thames.
To be on time for school is an important skill.
Using a projector, we determined the degree of
the angle.
The final bell, ringing at 3:05, marks the end of
the school day.
The Clause
• What is it?
– A group of related words
– WITH a subject and its verb
– That acts like a part of speech
Two Main Types of
Clauses
• The Independent Clause
– Subject, verb, complete thought
– Also known as a sentence
– Example: I ate sushi.
• The Subordinate Clause
– Restrictive
• Clue word: that
• Example: I like that shirt you are wearing.
– Nonrestrictive
• Clue word: which
• Example: The caterpillar, which will turn into a
butterfly soon, curled into a ball upon the leaf.
The Appositive
• What is it?
– A noun or noun phrase that follows
another noun or noun phrase and
renames it.
The Sentence
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Types—
– Simple
• One independent clause
• Example: I like meat
– Compound
• Two or more independent clauses combined with
–
–
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, conjunction
;
; subordinating conjunction,
• Example: I like meat, but I will also eat ice cream.
– Complex
• An independent clause that contains a subordinate clause
• Example: When I go to the store, I always buy cheese.
– Compound-complex
• Two or more joined independent clauses, at least one of which has a
subordinate clause.
• Example: When I go to the store, I always buy cheese, and I also try
to get ground meat.