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The Muslim World Chapter 11 Muhammad and the Rise of Islam Muhammad Born in Mecca around 570 AD. Orphaned at a young age and raised by his uncle Worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins Also worked as a merchant in Mecca – Mecca was a center of trade and site of the Kaaba Married Khadija at age 25 – Wealthy older widow who ran a caravan business The Rise of Islam Muhammad had been exposed to Judaism and Christianity because of where he lived Troubled by the idol worship of the Arabs Would go to a desert cave to meditate and pray – Did this because he was concerned with the lack of morals in society At age 40, the angel Gabriel came to him in a vision – Urged him to believe in one god and submit to one god Muhammad was terrified and confused His wife, Khadija, urged him to accept the message Khadija became the first convert to Islam At first, few people listened to Muhammad In 622, upon threat of his life, Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib This became known as the Hijra…a journey The hijra was important because – Welcomed Muhammad and made him ruler – Led thousands of people to convert Yathrib was later renamed, Medina which means “city of the prophet” Also, became the site of the first mosque 622 became the first year of the Muslim calender Muhammad was welcomed in Medina as ruler, lawgiver, and prophet by Muslim converts Muslims launched attacks on Meccan caravans and defeated the Meccans in battle Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 – Destroyed the statues/idols in the Kaaba – Made the Kaaba Islams holiest place – Arabs became convinced he was a prophet Muhammad died in 632 – By his death most of Arabia had accepted Islam After his death, Abu Bakr was elected the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad Muhammad was welcomed in Medina as ruler, lawgiver, and prophet by Muslim converts Muslims launched attacks on Meccan caravans and defeated the Meccans in battle Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 Muhammad died in 632 After his death, Abu Bakr was elected the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad The First 4 Caliphs Abu Bakr (632-634) – Muhammed’s father in law from his second wife – Died of natural causes Umar ibn al-Khattab (634-644) – Apponted by Abu Bakr Uthman ibn Affan (644-656) – Elected by a council Ali ibn Abu Talib (656-661) – Elected by a council – Muhammad’s son-in-law – Assassinated Differences between Sunni and Shiite Sunni Believed the Caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community Had no religious authority Holy cities are Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem 90% of Muslim Shiite Believed only true successors to Muhammad were descendants of Ali and Fatima Believed the Caliphs were divinely inspired Located mostly in Iran, Iraq, and Yemen Holy cities are Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Najaf, and Karbala 10% of Muslim