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Evolution Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions to the best of your ability: Make sure you read each question carefully and provide answers to all of the parts of the question. Do not leave any question blank. Question: 1. The cladogram seen here represents the modern-day classification system which includes three domains and six kingdoms. Explain how this cladogram represents both the unity and diversity of life within the domain Eukarya. Answer Key: The cladogram illustrates the concept of common ancestor. In this case, the common ancestor for the four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya would be found at the base of the vertical line for the kingdomArchaebacteria, domain Archaea. This common ancestor was a unicellular prokaryote. Some, the blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, were autotrophs; others were heterotrophs. Prokaryotic cells evolved into eukaryotic cells, scientists believe by endosymbiosis. This gave rise to the domain Eukarya which contains organisms composed of one or more eukaryotic cells. The simplest of organisms, in the kingdom, Protista may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Some are autotrophic; some are heterotrophic. As we progress through the other kingdoms in the domain, we see an evolution of complexity. In the kingdom Plantae, organisms are multicellular autotrophs; in the kingdom Animalia, they are multicellular heterotrophs. To summarize, all organisms in this kingdom have eukaryotic cells (unity) while their body organization, complexity, and food getting mechanisms all vary (diversity). Keywords: Eukarya, eukaryotic, unicellular, multicellular, autotroph, heterotroph, common ancestor, prokayotic, , The evolution of the peppered moth over the last two hundred years has been studied in detail. Originally, the vast majority of peppered moths had light coloration. However, because of widespread pollution during the Industrial Revolution in England, the dark colored moths became much more common. 2. What specifically caused the shift in phenotype of the moths? Please explain in detail. Answer Key: The light colored peppered moths were well camouflaged on the trees which also had lichens growing on them. When the Industrial Revolution took place, the pollution killed the lichens and also darkened the tree bark with soot from the pollution. Before the Industrial Revolution, dark colored peppered moths existed, but were not common because they were not well camouflaged and were easy targets for predators. After the trees became polluted, the darker moths were well camouflaged and the light colored moths were not. Since the light colored moths became more visible, predators were able to find them more easily. This increased predation caused a decline in the number of light colored moths. The dark colored moths now had a longer life span and therefore increased reproduction to pass on their coloration to successive generations. Keywords: Industrial revolution, camouflage, pollution, reproduction, bark 3. The illustration shows homologous structures among a human arm, a seal forelimb, a bird wing, and a bat wing. Explain how the structures are evidence of evolution. Answer Key: Each of the examples show similarities in their forelimb structures. The organisms may have developed differently and independent of one another but developed from a common ancestor. Keywords: ancestor, homologous, evolution 4. How does natural selection provide a mechanism for evolution to occur? Answer Key: In order for natural selection to occur, there must be natural genetic variation within species, which is caused by sexual reproduction. With the exception of identical twins, no two organisms which undergo sexual reproduction are exactly alike genetically. Some individuals will have genetic traits that are more suited to live in their particular environment, and these advantaged individuals will likely live longer and have more reproductive success than less suited individuals. This means that the advantaged individuals' genes will be more common in the population. Eventually, over long periods of time, there will be a genetic shift toward the traits of the advantaged individuals. Traits exhibited by the disadvantaged individuals will likely disappear or become far less common after many generations. Keywords: genetic variation, sexual reproduction, traits, individuals, advantaged, disadvantaged, reproduce, survive 5. Chance events that cause allele frequencies to change result in genetic drift. Genetic drift becomes very important when the population size decreases. One type of genetic drift is the bottleneck effect. Explain how the bottleneck effect changes the population size and leads to changes in allele frequencies and evolution. Theory of Evolution (BIO.B.3.1.2) New Species (BIO.B.3.1.3) Mutagenic Variations Answer Key: The bottleneck effect occurs when an event or a catastrophe drastically reduces the number of organisms in a population. The random survivors (the bottleneck) of the catastrophe will not represent all of the alleles of the original population. The survivors reproduce and their genetic characteristics will be seen in the offspring while characteristics of the original population will not be necessarily present. Allele frequencies changed and evolution occurred. Keywords: bottleneck effect, evolution, genetic drift 6. In the early 20th century, scientists began to use radiometric dating to determine the absolute age of fossils. Before this technology was available, scientists used relative dating to determine the relative age of fossils. Explain the process of relative dating of fossils. Theory of Evolution (BIO.B.3.2.1) Theory Of Evolution Answer Key: Relative dating of fossils involves the Law of Superposition. Fossil age can be placed in sequential order in which events occurred by examining rock strata. The exact age of the fossil can not be determined this way. Keywords: fossils, relative, dating, superposition, layer, sequence