Download German I Final Exam Review Packet

 Name: ______________________________ 1 Deutsch I Wiederholung Grammatik für Deutsch I A. Nouns All German nouns are capitalized and have a gender: masculine (der), feminine (die), or neuter (das). When referring to a noun as "it", the gender is shown by using the corresponding pronoun "er", "sie", or "es" for a subject, "ihn", "sie" or "es" for a direct object. When referring to plural nouns as "they", the plural pronoun "sie" is used. B. Plural forms German has many different ways to form plurals. There are some patterns, but you cannot predict for sure what the plural form will be. Since you cannot predict the plural form or gender of a noun, you should always memorize the gender and plural form of each new noun that you learn. Here are some common forms: Singular Plural Change das Heft die Hefte -­‐add an -­‐e (often for nouns ending in a consonant) die Schultasche die Schultaschen -­‐add an -­‐n (often for nouns ending in -­‐e) das Hemd die Hemden -­‐add an -­‐en (often for nouns ending in a consonant) der Bruder die Brüder -­‐add an umlaut (often for nouns ending in -­‐er) der Schrank die Schränke -­‐add an umlaut and an -­‐e das Buch die Bücher -­‐add an umlaut and an -­‐er der Kuli die Kulis -­‐add an -­‐s (often used with foreign nouns) der Taschenrechner die Taschenrechner -­‐no change (often used with "agent"-­‐nouns ending in -­‐er) C. Definite Articles: In German, the definite article (the-­‐words) has a greater role than in English because it shows the gender of the noun, with which it is used. der, as in der Junge, indicates that Junge is a masculine noun die, as in die Lehrerin, indicates that Lehrerin is a feminine noun das, as in das Mädchen, indicates that Mädchen is a neuter noun die is used for all plural nouns; the gender is not shown in the plural >>See more about definite articles under the Accusative Case. D. Indefinite Articles: In German, the indefinite article (a/an-­‐words) can be used in front of a singular noun with the same meaning as in English. The indefinite article in German is "ein". It gets an -­‐e ending for feminine nouns and an -­‐en ending for masculine direct object (accusative) nouns. ex: Ich habe ein Hemd in Grün an. Sie probiert eine Bluse in Schwarz an. Er zieht einen Pulli in Braun zur Schule an. E. Subject Pronouns: The subject pronouns in German have the same meanings as their English equivalents. Remember, however, that the 3rd person pronouns in German can be used to refer to nouns of different genders. So, "er", "sie", and "es" can all mean "it", and "sie" can refer to a plural noun as "they. See the chart below. Singular Plural first person: I ich wir we second person: you du ihr you (plural) third person: he, she, it er, sie, es Sie, sie you (formal), they >>See more pronouns under the Accusative Case. ***PRACTICE #1: Do TB p.90 #7 and p.91 #11.*** 2 F. Verb Basics: >>Conjugation: Verbs in German usually end in -­‐en or -­‐n in the infinitive (unchanged) form. The verbs are then conjugated (endings are changed) based on the subject, which does the action of the verb. We do this in a simple way in English, when we add the letter -­‐s to the end of our nouns when used with he/she/it. In German, the standard conjugation is the following: ich (I) -­‐-­‐> -­‐e wir (we) -­‐-­‐> -­‐en du (you) -­‐-­‐> -­‐st ihr (you, pl.) -­‐-­‐> -­‐t er/sie/es (he/she/it) -­‐-­‐> -­‐t Sie/sie (you, fm./they) -­‐-­‐> -­‐en **You can remember these endings by saying "esttenten". You can also remember that the plural forms wir and Sie/sie are no different from the infinitive (basic, unchanged "to ___" form). >>Word Order: The conjugated verb in a simple German sentence is always in SECOND position. This doesn't mean it is always the second word, but the second position, as first position may be occupied by a phrase. Ex: Der Junge kommt aus Deutschland. Unlike in English, when something other than the subject starts a sentence (time phrase, direct object, etc.), the verb will still be in 2nd position and the subject will follow the verb. Ex: Am Samstag gehe ich ins Kino. Deutsch finden wir einfach. When is the conjugated verb outside of 2nd position? 1. When starting a question with no interrogative (question word). Ex: Kaufst du die Bluse? 2. When starting a command. Ex: Geh bitte einkaufen! 3. When sent to the end of a phrase by a subordinating conjunction. Ex: Ich kann nicht, weil ich keine Zeit habe. G. Present Tense: In English, there are 3 present tense forms that indicate present time: present tense -­‐ regular -­‐-­‐> Tara plays tennis after school. present tense -­‐ progressive -­‐-­‐> Tara is playing tennis with Steffi today. present tense -­‐ emphatic -­‐-­‐> Tara does play tennis very well. In German, there is only 1 present tense form to indicate present time, no progressive or emphatic. So "do/does" and "am/are/is" are never used as helping verbs in the present tense in German. Look at the German translations of the above sentences: Tara spielt Tennis nach der Schule. Tara spielt Tennis heute mit Steffi. Tara spielt Tennis sehr gut. Germans can also use the present tense form of the verb to indicate the future, if they add a future time phrase to the sentence to show it. Ex: Ich schaue morgen Fernsehen. -­‐-­‐> I will watch TV tomorrow. ***PRACTICE #2: Translate the following sentences into German. Then do TB p.179 #11.*** 1. I play chess after school. 2. He would like a glass of mineral water. 3. Would you like a coke? (formal) 4. Today they are going go to the bakery. 5. Tomorrow we are mowing the grass. 6. Y'all wash the dishes every day. 7. Are you getting the salad? (informal) 8. First I am clearing off the table. 3 H. Questions-­‐ In German, questions can begin with an interrogative (question word) or a verb. When a question begins with an interrogative, the verb follows. When a question begins with a verb, the subject follows. ***PRACTICE #3: Translate the following German question words and then translate the German questions below.*** wer __________ was __________ wann __________ wo __________ warum __________ wie __________ wie viel(e) __________ woher __________ wohin __________ 1. Who is that girl? 2. What do you do in your free time? 3. When do you visit friends? 4. Where are the pencils? 5. Where do you come from? 6. Where are you going? 7. Why do you like to play chess? 8. How are you doing? 9. How much does the skirt cost? 10. Do you have homework tonight? 11. Does your uncle like to play golf?
I. Nominative Case: Noun phrases and pronouns that are the subject of German sentences are in the NOMINATIVE case. The subject of the sentence performs the action of the verb. J. Accusative Case: >Noun phrases that are the direct object of German sentences are in the ACCUSATIVE case. The direct object is the noun/pronoun that is the recipient of the action of the verb. >The object of an accusative preposition (ex: für meinen Bruder) is also in the ACCUSATIVE case. >>The masculine gender shows changes in the accusative case and they show up in the definite and indefinite articles, the pronoun, and the adjective endings. *See the chart below for a comparison of the NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE cases. Definite Articles (The) Indefinite Articles (a/an) 3rd Person Pronouns NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE masculine der den ein einen er ihn feminine die die eine eine sie sie neuter das das ein ein es es plural die die -­‐ -­‐ sie sie ***PRACTICE #4: Do TB S.150 #6 & 7*** K. Direct Object (Accusative) Pronouns: When a pronoun is used as the direct object (recipient of the action of the verb) in a German sentence, it is often changes. In the 3rd person, only the masculine form changes, but ALL 1st and 2nd person pronouns (excepting the formal) change in the accusative case. *See the chart below for the subject/nominative and direct object/accusative pronouns. Nominative Accusative Person Singular First ich mich Second du dich er ihn Third sie sie es es Formal Sie Sie Nominative Accusative Plural wir uns ihr euch sie sie Sie Sie 4 L. Possessive Pronouns: To show possession in German, you use the possessive pronouns mein -­‐ my, dein -­‐ your, sein -­‐ his, ihr -­‐ her, unser -­‐ our, euer -­‐ your (plural), ihr -­‐ their, and Ihr -­‐ your (formal). Possessive pronouns take the same endings that the indefinite articles do, based on gender and case of the noun that they are in front of, but plural takes an -­‐e ending in the nominative and accusative cases. *See the guide to possessive endings in the chart below: NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE masculine mein meinen feminine neuter plural (dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) (deinen, seinen, ihren, unseren, eueren, ihren, Ihren) meine meine (deine, seine, ihre, unsere, eure, ihre, Ihre) (deine, seine, ihre, unsere, eure, ihre, Ihre) mein mein (dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) (dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) meine meine (deine, seine, ihre, unsere, eure, ihre, Ihre) (deine, seine, ihre, unsere, eure, ihre, Ihre) ***PRACTICE #5: Do TB S.91 #9 & 10*** M. More on Verbs: >>Stem Changes in verbs: Many German verbs have stem changes, a change that takes place in the spelling of the stem of the verb in some of the conjugated forms. -­‐Normal verbs with stem changes only have the stem change in the du-­‐form and er/sie/es-­‐form. -­‐Modal verbs with stem changes have them in all of the singular forms (ich, du, and er/sie/es). -­‐There is never a stem change in the plural forms! >>Separable Prefix Verbs: While there are no separable prefix verbs in English, we do have many verbs that can mean different things depending on the preposition they are used with, for instance "put" -­‐ to "put on", to "put up", and to "put down" all mean different things. In German, prepositions are added to the front of some verbs as prefixes to alter the meaning of the verb. They are called "separable prefixes" because, when the verb is conjugated and in 2nd position (possibly 1st for commands or questions), the prefix separates from it and goes to the end of the clause or sentence. Disclaimer: Prefixes do NOT separate in the infinitive forms, for instance when used with a modal verb. Common Separable Prefix Verbs: anhaben -­‐ to have on (be wearing) aussehen -­‐ to appear/look like anprobieren -­‐ to try on anziehen -­‐ to put on (clothing) abräumen -­‐ to clear off aufräumen -­‐ to clean up/pick up Ex: Ich ziehe einen Rock an. (I put on a skirt.) Was ziehst du an? (What are you wearing/What are you putting on?) ***PRACTICE #6: Do TB S.151 #8 & 9*** >>Modal Verbs: Modal auxiliary verbs are used with another verb, the main verb, to express mood or possibility. In English, they are: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, and would. In German there are 6 modal verbs. Note that all modals have a similar pattern: they have ‘regular’ plural forms, whereas the singular forms (ich, du, er/sie/es) are marked by a stem vowel change (except for sollen). The ich and er/sie/es forms have NO ending. This is called the modified "esttenten". See the chart below for the conjugation of the German modal verbs: 5 können dürfen müssen wollen sollen möchten ich kann darf muss will soll möchte du kannst darfst musst willst sollst möchtest er/sie/es kann darf muss will soll möchte wir können dürfen müssen wollen sollen möchten ihr könnt dürft müsst wollt sollt möchtet sie/Sie können dürfen müssen wollen sollen möchten can, to be able may, to be to allowed to must, to have to to want (to) should, to be supposed to would like (to) >>In German, the modal verb and the main verb are separated. The modal verb is conjugated and in 2nd position, while the main verb is in the infinitive form at the end of the sentence or clause. You can also use the modal by itself, without a main verb. ***PRACTICE #7: Do TB p.177 #5, p.208 #2, p.209 #6 & 7.*** N. Command Forms Commands in German start with a command form of the verb, which is based on whom you are addressing. With informal commands, your subject (du or ihr) is understood and not stated. With formal commands, the subject follows the command verb. du-­‐commands: conjugate the verb for du (to include any stem change!), drop the -­‐st (and the word "du"), and use in first position. Ex: Geh geradeaus bis zur Ampel! ihr-­‐commands: conjugate the verb for ihr, leave out the word ihr, and use in first position. Ex: Geht nach links bis zur Maximillianstraße! Sie-­‐commands: Use the "Sie"-­‐form of the verb (same as infinitive!!) and put the word "Sie" after it. Ex: Gehen Sie geradeaus und dann nach links! ***PRACTICE #8: Do p.237 #4, p.265 #5, & p.266 #6.*** O. Past Tense in German: In English and in German, several different verb constructions are used to indicate that an action took place in the past. We have learned 2 ways used often in spoken German. >>Simple Past of "sein": The simple past is called "simple" because it consists of only one word. This is typically used in spoken German for the past tense of "sein" -­‐ to be, which is waren -­‐ was/were. "waren" follows the modified "esttenten" endings. ich war wir waren du warst ihr wart er/sie/es war Sie, sie waren Ex: Wo warst du gestern? (Where were you yesterday?) Ich war im Obst-­‐ und Gemüseladen. (I was at the fresh produce store.) 6 >>Present Perfect Tense (Conversational Past Tense): When talking about the past in German, the present perfect tense is usually used. The "perfect" tenses all include a form of have or haben plus a verb form called the past participle that expresses the action. In German, the form of haben is the conjugated verb (2nd in a statement!) and the past participle is at the end. To form a past participle: Regular (weak) verbs: ge-­‐ + verb stem + -­‐t Ex: kaufen -­‐> gekauft Irregular (strong) verbs: ge-­‐ + verb stem + -­‐en Ex: fahren -­‐> gefahren Ex: Mein Vater hat 10 Eier im Supermarkt gekauft. (My dad [has] bought 10 eggs at the supermarket.) Ich habe einen Cappuccino im Café gekauft. (I [have] bought a cappuccino at the café.) Hast du den Kuchen gekauft? (Did you buy the cake? / [Have] you bought the cake?) ***PRACTICE #9: Do TB p.232 #26 Part B. Then translate the sentences below.*** 1. I bought a cake at the baker's. 2. He bought 200 grams of cheese at the supermarket. 3. Yesterday we bought a pound of pork at the butcher's. 4. Did you buy the cucumbers and peas at the fresh produce store? P. Conjunctions: Conjunctions join together words, word groups, sentences, or clauses. When used to form a compound sentence, a coordinating conjunction connects 2 independent clauses and a subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause. Coordinating conjunctions in German can connect 2 independent clauses with NO CHANGE to the position of the verb in the sentence. Common coordinating conjunctions: und (and), aber (but), oder (or), denn (because) Subordinating conjunctions in German are VERB KICKERS -­‐ they send the conjugated verb in the dependent/subordinate clause to the END. Common subordinating conjunctions: weil (because), dass (that). ***PRACTICE #10: Connect the sentences below using "denn" or "weil" as indicated.*** 1. Ich kann leider nicht. Ich muss zu Hause helfen. (denn) 2. Er kommt nicht mit. Er muss die Klamotten aufräumen. (weil) 3. Du gehst nicht ins Café. Du hast kein Geld mehr. (denn) 4. Wir wollen München besuchen. München ist eine schöne Stadt. (weil) 5. Kauf das Brot beim Bäcker. Dort ist es immer frisch. (denn) 6. Geh zum Supermarkt. Wir brauchen Müsli und Milch. (weil) Q. Word Order Rules (OVERVIEW): >>In a statement sentence, the conjugated verb goes in 2nd position. >>In a question sentence, either an interrogative or the conjugated verb can be first. >>The subject does NOT have to start a German statement sentence. It can start it, however, a prepositional phrase or other noun phrase can also start the sentence. Often times the first position of a sentence is chosen for emphasis. Ex: Den Pulli kaufe ich nicht. (Direct object 1st for emphasis) Morgen gehe ich in die Stadt. (Time phrase 1st) >>When using modal verbs, the modal will be your conjugated verb (following word order rules for conjugated verbs!) and the main verb, if there is one, will be in the infinitive form at the end of the clause or sentence. 7 >>TMP! In English, expressions of place usually come before expressions of time, but in German it is the opposite! When you have expressions of time, manner, and place in a German sentence, they must go in that order: TMP. A place phrase CANNOT go before a time phrase in German. >>In a command, the command form of the verb will always be in 1st position. >>Subordinating Conjunctions are (hiy-­‐aah!!) Verb Kickers!! When using a subordinating conjunction to connect a dependent/subordinate clause to an independent/main clause, the conjugated verb in the dependent/subordinate clause will move (be kicked) to the end. >> Verbs -­‐ OVERALL: -­‐Verbs (& parts of verbs) can only go in 2 places in a German STATEMENT sentence-­‐ 2ND POSITION, or LAST. -­‐Verbs MAY start a QUESTION. Verbs MUST start a COMMAND. R. Negation: KEIN A negation expresses the absence of something actual, true, or real. English words and phrases used to negate sentences are not, not a, and no, depending on whether one is negating a noun, verb, or adjective. Negative words in German are: nicht -­‐ not, nein -­‐ no, nichts -­‐ nothing, and kein -­‐ no/not a/none of.
In German, "nicht" is used to negate verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Ex: Er wohnt nicht weit von hier. Das Haus ist nicht groß. In German, when negating a sentence containing a noun phrase, it is customary to negate the noun phrase rather than the verb. The word used to negate nouns is "kein". It looks similar to "nein", but it takes the same endings as the indefinite article "ein", depending on the gender and number of the noun being negated. ***PRACTICE #11: Do TB p.267 #9.*** Topics to know for German I Final Exam: Vocabulary topics: • Months of the year, days of the week • Free-­‐time activities • Food items/grocery shopping/stores • Telling time (formally and informally) and • Quantities/weights talking about what time things are taking • Giving directions place • Family -­‐ Geschwister (siblings), Eltern Cultural topics: (parents), Großeltern (grandparents) • Countries where German is spoken and their • Furniture in your house/room and capitals describing it • Geography of Germany: ie. 16 German • School supplies, classes, and grades states, Capital: Berlin, etc. • Clothing (singular and plural) and • German school schedules & grading systems descriptions -­‐ passen, anprobieren, • Modes of transportation and related anziehen, tragen, suchen, möchten symbols for each • Restaurants/Cafés -­‐ nehmen, schmecken, • House/apartment/yard sizes bekommen, essen, trinken, möchten, zahlen • Clothing sizes • Places to go around a typical German city • Typical places in a German city • Forms of transportation in a typical German • Recycling and care for the environment city • Store hours • Chores and obligations • Prices and numbers • Talking about how often you do things • Grocery shopping in Germany • Invitations -­‐ accepting and declining them • Date format (day.month.year)
• Weather and die Umwelt (the environment)