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Exam 6 Study Guide Chapter 22, Heart Explain the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Explain the pathway of a blood cell from the right atrium through the circulation back to the right atrium. Explain the functional and structural differences between atria and ventricles. Explain the functional and structural differences between the right and left ventricles. Identify the parts of the heart on a photograph of a dissected heart, on a diagram, or a model, and explain the function of each: right and left atria, right and left ventricles, valves, arteries, veins, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabeculae, opening for coronary sinus, fossa ovalis, pectinate muscle Identify the right and left coronary arteries and the great, medium, and small coronary veins, and coronary sinus on a diagram or photograph of the heart. Identify the layers of heart wall. Explain the role of the sinoatrial node. Explain how a heart muscle impulse travels from the SA node through the heart. Identify the structures involved: AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, right bundle, left bundle. Explain the difference between systole and diastole. Explain what happens during systole and diastole. Identify differences between the fetal and natal circulation: ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus. Understand why blood bypasses the lungs in a fetus. Identify the umbilical arteries and vein. Identify structures in the natal and adult body that originated from structures in the fetus: ligamentum arteriosum, ligamentum venosum, fossa ovalis, medial umbilical ligaments, round ligament of liver. Gould-Anat25 Exam 5 Study Guide 1 Chapter 26 Digestive System Define the following terms: ingestion, digestion, propulsion, secretion, absorption, elimination Identify and give the function of the parts of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs: Oral cavity Stomach Ileum of small intestine Anus Gallbladder Pyloric sphincter Cecum Pharynx Duodenum of small intestine Large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections) Liver Pancreas Gastric folds Esophagus Jejunum of small intestine Rectum Salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) Inferior esophageal sphincter Appendix Compare and contrast peristalsis and segmentation. Identify the lingual frenulum, uvula, and transverse palatine folds in the oral cavity. Explain what a bolus is. Understand the structure of teeth and be able to identify the following parts of a tooth: Crown Root canal Neck Periodontal ligaments Root Pulp cavity Define enamel and dentin. And explain what is meant by deciduous teeth. Identify the different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars Understand that function of mesenteries. Distinguish between the mesentery proper and the mesocolon. Identify the tissue layers in the GI tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. Understand what the myenteric nerve plexus is and where it is found. Describe what acid reflux is. Understand the function of the 3 muscle layers in the stomach, and of gastric folds. Explain the role of mucous cells and cells in the gastric glands. Understand that the small intestine is lined with circular folds that are covered with villi. Explain the function of the liver and gallbladder. Identify the following parts of the liver: right and left lobes, falciform ligament, round ligament. Explain the progression of fatty liver disease. Understand how gallstones are created and why they are a problem. Explain the pancreas’s role in digestion. Gould-Anat25 Exam 5 Study Guide 2 Chapter 28-Reproductive System Define gonads and gametes. Identify the major human sex hormones. Identify and give the function of the following structures and organs in the female reproductive system: Ovaries Cervix Labia minora Ovarian ligament Mons pubis Uterus Vagina Clitoris Hymen Fallopian (uterine) tubes Labia majora Broad ligament Prepuce Understand the phases of the menstrual cycle and the development of an egg from primary oocyte to ovulation. Explain the role of a corpus luteum or corpus albicans. Define menarche and menopause. Explain what an ectopic pregnancy is and why it is problematic. Distinguish between the perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium of the uterus. Explain the function of a Pap smear. Understand how different forms of birth control work and which protect against sexually treated diseases. Identify and give the function of the following structures and organs in the male reproductive system: Testis Seminal vesicle Urethra Scrotum Pampiniform plexus Corpus cavernosa Epididymis Prostate gland Penis Dartos and cremaster muscles Glans penis Corpus spongiosum Vas (ductus) deferens Bulbourethral gland Ureter Spermatic cord Prepuce (foreskin) Explain what circumcision is. Explain how an erection occurs. Gould-Anat25 Exam 5 Study Guide 3