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PREPOSITIONS VERBS ADJECTIVES *ARTICLES NOUNS PRONOUNS ADVERBS INTERJECTIONS CONJUNCTIONS To keep it simple ‘parts of speech’ imply groups of words of the same kind (by function) Words of the same part of speech can substitute one another i.e. A huge country. A tiny country. Parts of speech are grouped into two groups: a) The open set b) The closed set They are called open set because new words can continuously be added to the group. They are called close set because no new words can be added to the group. THE OPEN SET: THE CLOSED SET: NOUNS PREPOSITIONS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS VERBS* (LEXICAL) VERBS* (AUXILIARY) ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS ARTICLES* Nouns are words that name: things (phone), people (Paul), animals (cow), places (Mitrovica), actions (swimming), ideas (philosophy), etc. They are classified into different groups so they can be: proper (Paul, Mitrovica, etc.) and common (man, city, etc.) Another criteria divides them into: countable (regular – lesson = lessons, irregular – mouse = mice) and uncountable (water, honey) Nouns can also be concrete (book, woman) or abstract (politics, fun) As far as their function is concerned nouns are usually used as: 1. 2. 3. Subject of the sentence: Paul called on the phone his friend. Object of the sentence: Paul called on the phone his friend. Object of the preposition: Paul called on the phone his friend. Verbs are words that denote states (am, like) actions (take, buy) or occurrences (become, happen) Verb are grouped into: lexical (swim, talk) and auxiliary (primary aux. be, modal aux. can) Based on how they take past forms they are classified into : regular (drop – dropped) or irregular (sink – sank) Based on the kind of the action they convey they are: transitive (they require an object buy, bring) and intransitive ( they require no objectstay, fly) Based on their availability to be used in continuous tenses we group them as: action verbs (sing = singing) and state verbs (love, hate but not loving, hating) Verbs function as predicates of the sentence: Paul called on the phone his friend •Predicate •Lexical – because it stands alone •Regular – because it takes ‘ed’ in past forms •Transitive – because it requires an object •Action - because it can be used in continuous Adjectives most commonly function as compliments in a sentence: He is very clever (subject compliment) They call him stupid (object compliment) Adjectives are words that describe nouns/noun phrases i.e.a Victorian house an angry crowd of people. Adjectives are divided into the category of gradable and non-gradable adjectives Gradable adjectives can appear in three different degrees: positive (good, small, boring), comparative (better, smaller, more boring) and superlative (the best, the smallest, the most boring). Gradable adjectives are divided into three subgroups based on how they change into different degrees: a) regular short, b) regular long and c) irregular Regular short adjectives + er/ est Big = bigger/ the biggest Regular long + more/most Interesting = more interesting / the most interesting Irregular change their forms Bad / worse / the worst One syllable adjectives and two syllable adjectives ending in – y, i.e. friendly Two and more syllable Good, bad, far Adverbs are words that tell information about the circumstances of states and actions (they modify verbs) The most frequent adverbs are: Adverbs of time – denoting the time of the action: We met yesterday. Adverbs of place – denoting the place of the action: We met yesterday here. Adverbs of manner – denoting how an action is done: We met yesterday here quickly. Adverbs of degree – denoting the scale of an occurrence: We met yesterday here too quickly. Adverbs of frequency – denoting how often something happens: We usually meet here. Subject pron. Object pron. Possessive adj. Possessive pron. I Me My Mine You You Your Yours He Him His His She Her Her Hers It It Its Its We Us Our Ours They Them Their Theirs Are placed before verbs and function as subjects: He saw me. Are placed after verbs and function as objects: He saw me. Tell possession and must be always followed by a noun: That is my book. Tell the possession and are not followed by the noun: That is mine. http://www.myenglishgrammar.com for more practice