Download Biology – BC Revision Guide

B2
Exam questions and answers
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
1. What three components (organelles) are found in plant cells but not
animal cells?
2. What does a 1.
specialised
cell mean?and vacuole
Cell wall, chloroplasts
A cell that has a particular function, e.g. a root hair
3. Where is DNA found in a 2.
cell?
cell is a plant cell that absorbs water and minerals
In cell
the nucleus
4. What is the function of 3.
the
membrane?
whereas
a palisade
cells are
plant
cells
is selectively
permeable
(also
known
aswhere
semi- most
5. What is the function 4.
ofItchloroplasts?
photosynthesis
occurs.what substances can go
permeable)
and it decides
6. What green liquid is found in the chloroplasts?
in or
5. out.
It is where light energy is
7. What is found in the vacuole?
absorbed
for photosynthesis
6. chlorophyll
8. What is the function of 7.
the
Cellvacuole?
sap (it contains sugars, salts and water)
8. It keeps
cellfunction?
firm
9. How are root hair cells adapted
forthe
their
9. They
10.
13.
Xylem
Baking
absorb
are
bread!
made
water
upand
of empty
minerals
dead cells and
10. What is the difference between
xylem
and
phloem?
from the soil.
transport
water from the roots to the stem and the
11. What is the function of a microscope?
leaves. Phloem is made up of living tissue and
NO!11.
bacterial
Microscopes
don’t
magnify
have
anaimage
nucleus, their
12. Do bacterial cells have a 12.
nucleus?
transports
foodcells
substances
(like
glucose)
to growing
DNA
(make
free
to
it roam
look bigger).
in particles
the cytoplasm
Things
such
or
in
as the form
13. What can we use yeast for?
15. is
The
movement
of
from
a high
tissue.
16.
Organs
are
made
up
of
lots
of
ofconcentration
alike?
plasmid.
cells needto
toabe
so that
lowmagnified
concentration
through a
14. What does a yeast cell look
cells.
Thebe
definition
of an organ is
they
can
seen
easily.
17. Root (provides
anchorage and where water and
semi-permeable
membrane.
15. Describe diffusion?
groups of tissues (that means
are absorbed from the soil), stem (holds
16. What are organs made from? minerals
different types of tissues) working
the leaf upright), leaf (where photosynthesis
together for a particular function.
17. Name four organs in plants.
occurs) and flower (involved in reproduction).
18. What is a cell?
18. The basic unit of life
Draw an animal cell and plant cell
The blue is found in both cells and the three words in black are
only found in plant cells.
Draw a yeast cell
Draw a bacterial cell
A- remember, diffusion is from a
high concentration to a low
concentration.
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
nucleus
Cell wall
genes / genetic
material /
chromosome
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
any two from:
two required for 1 mark
•
P
•
R
•
T
1. has) cell wall (1)
2. (has) vacuole or large / permanent vacuole
do not allow chloroplasts because even though it
is a plant cell, it is found underground (it is a root
cell) so it cant photosynthesise if it is not
exposed to the sun!
Root hair
No
- diffusion if from a HIGH concentration
to a LOW concentration (i.e. DOWN a
concentration gradient)
- The sulphate ions would LEAVE the
root by diffusion
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
any two from:
•
(contain mitochondria
•
many (mitochondria)
•
respiration (occurs in
mitochondria)
any two from:
•
transport up / against
concentration gradient / low to high
concentration
•
uses energy
•
use of protein / carrier
large(r) surface area
accept have carriers
release energy or make ATP
do not accept ‘makes energy’
any two from:
•
large surface / area or many villi or have
microvilli
accept big surface / area
•
thin surface or thin wall or surface 1-cell thick
or
capillaries near surface or permeable or partially
permeable
accept they are thin
do not allow thin cell wall
•
many blood vessels or many capillaries or
capillary network
or good blood supply
ignore ‘constant blood flow’ owtte
ignore extras eg moist or reference to gases
•
have enzymes
ignore release enzymes
•
accept reference to lacteal as 5th point
•
allow reference to having mitochondria
Because the plant cells have a higher concentration of mineral ions than the
pond water.
Diffusion happens from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration.
So the plant cells couldn't absorb the mineral ions, they would actually lose
the mineral ions by diffusion and they would go into the pond water.
The only way the plant cells could ABSORB the mineral ions from the pond
water is by ACTIVE TRANSPORT which happens from a low concentration
to a high concentration
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
- energy released or energy transferred or respiration
allow provides or gives energy do not allow produces energy or makes
energy
- near to the site of movement or energy available quickly
- accept allows more mitochondria to fit in
(mitochondria) packed (around
filament) or efficient arrangement
for tube 1:
- expands or gets firmer or bigger or inflates
- it gains water
- because the concentration of water is less than its surroundings
make sure answer is about water movement and not sucrose solution
for tube 2:
- gets floppy or flaccid or contracts
- it loses water
- because the concentration of water is greater than its surroundings
A
B
diffusion
Cell wall
cell membrane
Genetic material
cytoplasm
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Chapter 2- organisms in the environment
1. carbon
dioxide
water (+ light energy) → glucose + oxygen
What is the word
equation
for +photosynthesis?
What is the chemical equation
2. 6CO2 +for
6H2Ophotosynthesis?
(+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2
3.
yes!
All
living
things
need
to respire (MRS GREN remember!)
Do plants respire?
4. Plants that have leaves which have green AND white bits. It is only
What is a variegated leaf?
the green parts that would photosynthesise.
One of the products of photosynthesis is glucose. What can it be turned
5. Plants need the glucose they produce during photosynthesis for
into?
respiration.
6. What is the
test
for
starch?
7. The
6.
Any
quickest
excess
way
glucose
to measure
in plants
theisrate
converted
of photosynthesis
into starch. To
is to
test for
Glucose can be converted into insoluble starch, insoluble fats or
measure
starch,
the
add
rate
brown
at which
iodine
oxygen
solution.
(the
Ifproduct)
starch
isispresent,
produced.
it will turn
7. How can we
measure
the
rate
of photosynthesis
in the
laboratory?
insoluble
oils.
14.
advantages:
bigger
yield, growth of
crops
8. A
factor
that
reduces
the
rate
of
photosynthesis.
This
could be:
blue-black.
8. What is a limiting
factor?
9.
When
an
enzyme
(which
is
a
protein)
no
longer
works
properly
all year
round
(and when certain crops are
light,
carbon
dioxide
orpolytunnels
temperature.
11.
12.
Starch
Greenhouses
is
produced
or
from
extra
are
(excess)
places where
glucose.
the
environment
a plant
can
10.
It
cant
be
dissolved.
This
is important
as
extra
glucose
is turned
9. What does the
term
mean?
because
is ‘denature’
has
beenofput
in the
(e.g.
it When
has
produced
out
of wrong
season,condition
they usually
sell
forbeen
13.
The
amount
crops
produced.
needs
be
controlled
energy,
tosogrow
it
crops
breaksall
down
yearthe
round.
starch
intofunction.
glucose again so it
into
starch.
15. more
independentchange,
dependentoverheated)
and
the
protein
unfolds
and
doesn’t
10. What does insoluble
mean?
more),
save
money
and energy
on transport
canmeasure,
be used in
respiration.
controlkeep
thethat
samemean?
costscrops
produced
locally instead of having
11. Starch is an ‘energy
store’.
What
does
(always more
than
one)
to be
transported in from other countries.
12. What are greenhouses and
polytunnels?
13. State what ‘yield’ means.disadvantages: expensive to run, lots of energy
needed (lighting, heating etc).
14. State the advantages and
disadvantages of manipulating environmental
conditions in which plants grow.
15. What is the difference between independent, dependent and control
variable?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chapter 2 continued- communities of organisms and their
environment
1. Mean is the average, median is the middle number (we
have to between
organise them
into
order first)
and mode means the
1. What is the difference
mean,
median
and mode?
most
common.
2. 2+3+4+2+4=
15/5= 3 (30 is an anomaly)
2. Work out the mean: 2, 3,
4,thermometer
2, 4, 30
3. A
Chemical analysis
3. How can temperature be 4.
measured?
5.
Light6.meter
or lightliving,
sensor.
Bio means
diversity means a
4. How can the amount of nutrients in soil be measured?
range of something. So biodiversity
5. How can the amount of light be measured?
means a range of living things.
6. What is biodiversity?
7. What does ‘sampling’ mean?
8. What is a quadrat and what is it used for?
9. State the difference between reliability and validity.
7.
of counting
something in
a WHOLEinhabitat,
e.g.
10. Name two sampling
methods.
12.Instead
These
are
used to investigate
CHANGES
populations
the
number
ofhappens
woodlice,
we
anmore
areaof
and
count
11. What10.
does
bias
and
how
can
this
bewooden
avoided?
from
one
area
to
another.
Achoose
piece is
of
string
or
aonly
cord
is can
9.mean
Reliability
when
there
something.
So
Sampling
8.
A
is
quadrat
trying
to
is
find
a
metal
out
or
the
number
or
of
plastic
a
particular
frame
organisms
that
13.
Succession
the
process
by
which
communities
colonise
the
number
if
that
SMALL
areathis
isof
called
12. Whatinisana area
transect?
placed
innot
anis
areae.g.
youpatches
want
to
find
out
howSAMPLING.
the
number
for
example,
the
greater
the
number
quadrat
counts
11.
Try
to
getcertain
human
manipulation
involved.
Random
be
by
used
only
counting
in
sampling
(remember
sampling
and
then
is
using
counting
the
the
numbers
an ecosystem
and
are
then
replaced
over
time
by
other
Then
we
use
the
number
and
ESTIMATE
the
number
ofyou
13. Describe
succession.
of
daisies
changes
from
asampling
field area,
to avoid
a rocky
seashore,
so
done,
the
better
the
estimation.
sampling
and
systematic
bias
in
placing
to estimate
number
the
total.
of
organisms
in
a
small
such
as
using
a
quadrat
communities
woodlice
in
the
TOTAL
AREA.
aareas
cord
along
this
way.
Then
you
place quadrats
at or
Validity
means
whether
you
haveof
answered
the
quadrats.
However, place
and
what
then
estimating
do
you
sample?
the
number
organisms
in question
the total
intervals
and
sample
them.
not.
SoThe
itbylinks
with
reliability.
If can
you
have
more
reliability,
- You canregular
area).
do this
quadrat
random
can
samplingbe anything
you
from
use
10cm,
a computer
50cm
to get
1m
you
should
have
more
randomalong
numbers
eachand
side.
then
thisvalidity.
will generate coordinates and you use
these numbers to find out where you should place your quadrats.
- You can also do this by systematic sampling- a grid is placed on the
area you want to find out the total number of organisms of, and
then you mark out the quadrats at equal points.
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
carbon dioxide concentration
- since atmospheric concentration very
low / value give e.g. 0.03%
- allow carbon dioxide used up
- temperature high
- allow if light chosen as a factor
- light intensity high
allow If temperature chosen as a factor
6
6
6
any two of
•
(presence of) chlorophyll or (amount of)
chloroplasts
accept green leaves (or other green parts)
•
(sufficient) light (intensity)
•
(light) of a suitable wavelength
any light other than green light
• control by osmosis
• the movement of gases
• Through stomata
* near the upper surface
* contain (a great) many or
more chloroplasts
* (so) contain the most chlorophyll
+ light = + photosynthesis
+ light = + photosynthesis to a limit
limit depends on temp/CO2 levels
+ CO2 = + photosynthesis
+ temp = + photosynthesis
P, R or T (give two only)
oxygen
light
chloropyll
Carbon dioxide
water
Sugar/carbohydrate
It can be stored OR
It is insoluble
Either of:
- Uses it in respiration
- Turns it into cellulose
- Turns it into protein
- Turns it into lipids
photosynthesis
One from:
- They are thin
- They have a large surface area
- They are flat
- They have stomata
- They have air spaces
- They have chloroplasts
- They have veins
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
1 mark each for any of the following
ideas:
lower CO2 concentration
lower light intensity
decrease water availability
alter light wavelength or colour
accept more green light
June
April
- Does not contain chlorophyll
- which is needed to absorb light or
energy
e.g. mussels/caddis/ loach
water
Carbon dioxide
light
water
oxygen
Keep temperature constant
absorbs light/to produce food
e.g.
has chlorophyll/chloroplasts
has elongated shape to absorb light
water
oxygen
keep temperature constant
Continued from previous slide
(same question)
a factor other than temperature is limiting
do not accept water 1
eg carbon dioxide
Continued from previous slide
(same question)
a factor other than temperature is limiting
do not accept water 1
eg carbon dioxide
any one from:
•
(type of / amount of) soil / minerals /
nutrients / pH
•
amount of water / time of watering
•
space between plants / plants and wall
•
time for growth
any one from:
•
increase / give light
•
increase temperature / make warmer
•
increase / give CO2
•
add fertiliser / nutrients / minerals / named
any two from:
•
cheaper
allow grow faster / more grown
•
better quality / flavour
ignore size
•
available all year
accept converse if clear that answer refers to use of British tomatoes
allow ‘Fair Trade’
any two from:
•
greater distance or more food
miles or more transport
idea of more needed only once
•
transport needs (more) energy / fuel
•
reference to eg greenhouse effect / global
warming / pollution / CO2 release / carbon footprint
ignore ozone
Water
Oxygen
water
oxygen
Chlorophyll (cant get a mark for saying chloroplast as it is a component not
a substance. You can get a mark if you say chlorophyll which is found inside
chloroplasts though
light intensity / temperature is high enough for higher rate
or light /
temperature is not limiting
low CO2 available or not enough CO2
available or rate would be higher with more CO2
temperature
allow water / rain
allow (too) cold / hot as a minimum
allow wave length / frequency / colour
ignore ions
ignore heat
carbon dioxide/CO2
through the roots/root hairs
do not accept leaves
oxygen
glucose can be used for respiration by the plant
1
production of fat or oil
1
production of cellulose
1
production of proteins
2.2
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Enzyme
Use of
Detail
enzymes
reactionChapter3catalysed
Advantage
enzymes
where
produced
Disadvantage
salivary glands, pancreas, small
Amylase
starch
→
sugars
1. Amino
acids
Biological
Contain proteases
Helps
to remove
Might
irritate some
(a carbohydrase)
intestine
2.
A transition
metal
speeds
up
a meats
detergent and lipases. Work
stains
people’s
skin.
The
- 3.Proteins
areare
found
inthat
nuts,
seeds
and
4.
5.
Enzymes
also
made
speed
up
up
of
chemical
proteins
reactions.
not
chemical
reaction
stomach,
pancreas,
small
better at lower
Lower
temp
needed
enzymes
may
go
into
6.
An
enzyme
(like
a
catalyst
it
speeds
up a
The
hormone
insulin is a protein
metals
(like catalysts)
protease
proteins → amino -acids
butare
it isproteins
found
inand
theharm
body and
intestine
temperatures than
Reduces
energy
rivers
themade
- reaction,
Antibodies
of a protein)
1. What
is a protein
of?
- up
Proteins
are
made
ininto
thelife.
ribosomes
7.
Something
that
fits
an
enzyme
non-biological
costs
water
Using and
lowcan
lipids made
→ up
fatty
acids
+
8. The
best
conditions.
Enzymes
best at can
pancreas,
intestine
- Enzymes
are
proteins
be
broken
down
or
two
orsmall
morework
substrates
2. lipase
Name
five uses/functions
of proteins
in our
body.
detergents.
So glycerol
temperature
may
not kill
body
temperature37
degrees
C.
different
be added together to
make a bigger
molecule.
3. What
is a catalyst?
reduces
energy
pathogens
on clothes.
enzymes
work
best
at
different
pH’s.
e.g.
9. When an enzyme no longer works and
4. Howcosts.
is an enzyme similar to a proteases
catalyst?
11. lipids
acids
and
by lipases
work fatty
best
at
a low
pH
and
lipases
cannot
catalyse
a reaction.
Itglycerol
has
become
12.
Proteins
amino
acids
(proteases)
5. What is an enzyme different
from
a catalyst?
work
best
atsohigher
pH’s.
13.
Carbohydrates/starch
glucose
unfolded
the active
site
has been
ruined.
Helps
baby’s
digestive
Proteases used in
May
trigger
allergic
Baby
14.
It
makes
conditions
in
the
small
intestine
6. What does the term ‘biological
catalyst’
mean?
(carbohydrases
or
amylases)
system
to
cope
with
baby
food
to
prereactions
15.
Creates
an acidic
environment
the the
food 7. What is a substrate?
alkaline
(because
food
that comesinfrom
protein.
stomach
for
enzymes
work
digest the food.
stomachneeded
is acidic
and
then it to
goes
to properly
the small
8. What does optimum mean?
intestine
and theEnzymes
enzymes insuch
the small
The
enzyme
is sweeter
Slimming
as
9. What
does
denature mean? Fructoseintestine
work best at alkaline conditions).
isomerase
can in humans?
than glucose, so a
foods10. Describe
are in the gall
digestion
Bile is produced isomerase
in the liver, stored
convert
glucose
smaller
amount
is
11. What
do lipids
breakinto
down to
and how?
tointestine
producewhen
bladder and goesexpensive
into the small
fructose.
Fructose
needed.
This
makes
12. What
do proteins
breakisdown
to andthe
how?
food
enters (used
it!
to convert
sweeter
so
you
need
fructose
syrup
a
13. What do carbohydrates break down to and how? glucose into fructose)
less
it. functions of bile?
useful ingredient in
14. What
areofthe
slimming foods.
15. What is the function of hydrochloric
acid in digestion?
16. What are the uses of enzymes in industry?
What are enzymes?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enzymes are proteins found in the body.
They speed up chemical reactions like digestion.
We can refer to enzymes as ‘biological catalysts’
All enzymes are specific (they only act on one type of reaction)
A lot of them end in ‘ase’, but not all of them
Enzymes are not used in the reaction, they just speed it up. So
they can be re-used
catalase
amylase
pepsin
trypsin
How much can you remember so far?
proteins
1. Enzymes are _______.
this means that
you can’t use different enzymes on the
same reaction.
active
2. All enzymes have an ______
site.
re used
3. Enzymes can be _________
as they
don't take part in the reaction other
than speeding it up.
4. Another term for an enzyme is a
catalyst
biological
_________
_________.
Label me
Summary of Enzyme Location and Action
Enzyme
Carbohydrase
(Amylases)
Location
salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine
stomach
Protease
pancreas
Catalyses the
breakdown of:
starch into sugars
proteins into amino
acids
small intestine
pancreas
Lipase
small intestine
lipids (fats and oils)
into fatty acids and
glycerol
mouth or saliva
starch
Maltose or glucose
Small intestine
Fats/lipids
salivary
accept pancreas
pancreas
accept small intestine or ileum
Fatty acids or glycerol
- work at low temperatures / save energy
- work at low or atmospheric pressures / need less expensive equipment
any two from:
•
easily broken down by high temperature / low pH
•
difficult to separate from water-soluble products
•
very expensive to buy
pancreas produces lipase
which breaks down / digests fats into fatty acids and
glycerol
liver produces bile / hydrogen carbonate
which neutralises acids / makes alkaline
provides optimum / best / most effective pH for lipase /
enzyme action
bile emulsifies fats / description
increasing the surface area for lipase / enzyme to act on
any five for 1 mark each
(digestion is in stomach / liver / pancreas – penalise only
once)
pros e.g.:
gum trees survive therefore less soil erosion
therefore food webs not disrupted
if no culling, whole Koala population may die
easier to cull because Koalas are difficult to catch
cons e.g.:
Koala’s ‘right to life’ / ethical issue
better to transfer to reserves on mainland than kill
could use tranquillisers to catch without killing
could allow population to stabilise naturally
max 4 of the above; max 3 pros or cons.
digested / broken down / made soluble
by protease enzyme
in stomach in small intestine / from
stomach / from pancreas
into amino acids
amino acids / small molecules absorbed
into blood
10
liver
liver
mouth or salivary glands or small intestine or pancreas
Pancreas (accept small intestine)
stomach or small intestine or pancreas
- teeth breakdown food
accept chewing
- amylase or saliva (breaks down starch)
liver
protease
amino acids
any two from:
•
neutralises acid / makes conditions
alkaline / raises pH
•
enzymes (in small intestine) work
(more/most effectively)
or stop/prevents enzymes being
denatured
•
emulsifies fats/lipids or
description of emulsification
do not accept breakdown unqualified
•
larger surface area
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Chapter 4- energy from respiration
1. One of the seven life processes. It is a chemical
2.
Energy!that
Energy allows
toour
WORK!!
reaction
in allus
of
cells in the
3. C6H12O6 +occurs
6O2 → 6CO
+
6H
2
2O
4. glucose + oxygen
→ carbon
dioxide + water (+ energy)
mitochondria
to generate
energy.
5.
Mitochondria
is
the
site
of respiration where energy
1. What is respiration?
7. you need
6.
a
constant
amount
of
glucose
in your blood.
is
generated.
8.
Respiration
needs
oxygen
and
produces
carbon
2. What does respiration
generate?
If you
have
- extra,
Building
it is
large
turned
molecules
into glycogen
from small
which
ones
is
dioxide.
These
gases
are
also
transported
around
the
3. What is the chemical
equation
for respiration?
insoluble.
- Muscle
contraction for movement
9. Your
gets
fitter
and oxygen
you
are better
able to
4. What is the word equation
for
respiration?
Ifblood.
you
don’t
-body
have
Keeping
enough
body
glucose
temperature
in your
constant/steady
blood, glycogen
10.
Respiration
with
little/no
Heart
rateheart
rate
during
exercise
provide
the
increased
bloodincreases
supply
muscles
need
can
be
converted
into
glucose.
5. Why are mitochondria
known
asyour
the
powerhouses
of athat
cell?
soduring
your
can get
glucose
activity.
When
youcells
exercise,
youmore
needoxygen
lots
ofand
energy.
So and
you the
do
6. What can we use the
energy
from
respiration
for?
carbon
dioxide
can
be
removed
faster.
Heart
rate
is
13.
Lactic
acid
more
respiration
(which
generates
energy).
7. What is glycogen and
how
is
produced?
how
fast
the
heart
beats.
11.12.
Most
glucose
ofit
the
lactic
time,
acid
muscles
(+ energy)
get the energy needed to
So
you
need
more
glucose!
14.
Energy
is
generated
fast
and
it
means
we the
can still do
8. What is the difference
between
breathing
rate
and
heart
rate?
Breathing
ratethe
rate
at
which
you
exchange
contract
form
aerobic
respiration.
However,
if
you
…so glycogen
is
converted
intoeven
glucose.
exercise
for
a bit longer
if we the
havent
got ayour
big
9. What happens if wesuddenly
exercise
regularly?
gases
carbon
dioxide
and
oxygenless
from
air
into
Anaerobic
start
respiration
to exercise
produces
vigorously,
energy
your muscle
than
aerobic
cells
supply of oxygen.
body.
won’t
respiration.
have enough oxygen to keep contracting hard. So
10. What is anaerobic respiration?
During
exercise,
breathing
rate
increasesvolume
you
However,
start
toitdo
produces
anaerobic
energy
respiration.
FASTER
This
than
is the
aerobic
when
you
11. What is the difference
between
aerobic
and
anaerobic
respiration?
of oxygen
and
carbon
dioxide
moving
inreleases
andexercise,
out of
your
haven't
respiration.
got
enough
oxygen.
The
process
energy
12. What is the word15.
equation
for
anaerobic
respiration?
Once
we
stop
working
hard
after
vigorous
lungs
the
oxygen deeply.
to break
down
the glucose.
ourwithout
muscles
areneed
stillfor
breathing
This
is because
13. What are the products
ofincreases.
anaerobic
respiration?
provides
the
muscles
with
thethe
energy
need to
ourItbodies
areanaerobic
trying
to gain
back
extrathey
oxygen.
14. What are the advantages
of
respiration?
contract.
15. What does an ‘oxygen debt’ mean?
(aerobic) respiration
carbon dioxide
water (vapour)
respire
Oxygen/glucose
Oxygen/glucose
blood
Carbon dioxide/heat
Carbon dioxide/heat
water vapour
more carbon dioxide
less oxygen
glucose
oxygen
lactic
oxygen
lungs
oxygen
Lactic acid
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Chapter 5- simple inheritance in plants and animals
basic unit
life. all of the chromosomes. 22 chromosomes
1. What is a cell? 1.2.The
A picture
thatofshows
3. normal
In the nucleus.
are
chromosomes
one pair that
are sex
chromosomes.
2. What is a karyotype?
4. Strands
of genetic and
information
is MADE
3. Where is our DNA found?
of5.
DNA
and CONTAINS
genes.
Sections
of DNA that
code for our
4. What is a chromosome?
eye same
colour.
6. characteristics,
Different formse.g.
of the
gene. You
7.
mitosisproduces
body
cells
for growth
5. What is a gene?
might
havecells
two produced
alleles forfrom
eye colour
but
youand repair.
8.
The
mitosis
or
meiosis.
TWO
are produced and there is ONE cell
9. Adaughter
sex (show)
cell cells
express
one.
6. What is an allele? only
10. Specialised
cellscells, root
hairparent
cells,
division.
The daughter
cellse.g.
aresex
identical
to the
7. Name two ways in which
cells
can
divide
and
describe
each
of
them.
neurones
etc. are
specialised
cell. The
daughter
cellsallare
known as cells.
DIPLOID as they
8. What is a daughter cell?
have two sets of DNA.
9. What is a gamete? Meiosisproduces
gametes
from diploid
11. Cells
that CAN
differentiate
intocells.
otherThe
types of
10. Describe what a differentiated
cell
is.
daughter
cells
are known
ascells
HAPLOID
they
12. Bone
marrow
stem
can do
beas
used
tohave
treat
cells.
Differentiated
cells
can’t
this.
But
stemhalf
cells
13.
15.
We
Showing
can
treat
the
possible
diseases
chromosome
☺
combinations
in
the
amount
of
DNA
from
the
parent
cell.
In
humans,
leukaemia.
The
research
is
on-going
to
try
and
treat
11. What is a stem cell?
can.
Embryos
have
embryonic
stem
cells.
That’s
why
16.
Gregor
Mendel
was
a
monk.
He
spent
many
years
If
children
we
are
from
transferring
their
parents.
cells
from
one
person
toSo
another,
18.
polydactlyhaving
more
fingers
or
toes
17.
We
have
chromosomes
from
our
mum
dad.
we
occurs
in
the
testes
and
ovaries.
diseases
for
spinal
injuries
etc.
12. How can stem cells bemeiosis
used
in
human
treatment?
some
scientists
think
we
can
use
them
toand
treat
human
studying
inheritance
using
peas.
He
was
trying
to
it
may
be
rejected
or
that
person
will
need
medication
Huntingtonsa disease
thatand
affects
the nervous
system
have
alleles
from
our
dad.
Different
pairs
of
19.
Cystic
fibrosisaffects
cell
membranes
diseasethat
destroy
the
embryo.
20. If a issues
couple
has
a but
history
ofwould
amum
genetic
disease,
the
womans
embryo
understand
why
some
characteristics
would
disappear
in
13. What are the ethical
behind
the
use
of
stem
cells?
all their
life
alleles
can
produce
different
characteristics.
stem
cells
areifeven
found
in adultsin the
bone
can be takenLuckily,
and
to see
thethen
potential
babyinhas
alleles
for
thescreened
first
generation
reappear
the
next
14. What is variation?
Some
countries
have and
banned
embryonic
stem
cell
Some
alleles
are
dominantthe
characteristic
they
code
which(even
can be
used to
treat didn’t
blood show
diseases.
thatsquare?
disease.marrow,
generation
if their
parents
this
15. What is a punnet
as theythe
think
this
could
have
been
a copies
potential
forresearch
shows
whether
individual
has
one
or
two
characteristic).
life.allele.
16. What did Gregor Mendelofdo?
☺ The couplethe
canconcluded
prepare ifthat
theirit child
mayto
have
the disease
He
was due
something
called(e.g.
17. Some alleles are dominant
and
some
are
recessive.
What
does
this
mean?may
Some
alleles
are
recessivewhere
the
characteristic
save money‘inherited
or have counselling
to support
the couple
factors’. We
now callthem)
these or
genes.
they
code
only
shows
when both
chromosomes
of the
18. Give examples ofdecide
dominant
disorders
to
goA
through
abortion.
lot offor
his
work
was ignored
until
after his death
as
pair
have
that
allele.
19. Give examples of May
recessive
disorders
be used
to test
for
other alleles- e.g. eye colour or
they
didn’t
understand.
20.What is screening.
Stateor
the
pros and
cons.
intelligence
sporting
ability,
aborting babies that are not ‘normal’some may see this as unethical.
eggs
ovaries
sperm
testes
sexual
gametes
asexual
fertilisation
peas
breed (together)
accept have same number of chromosomes
do not accept have the same number of genes
to produce fertile offspring
male or testes
testes or male
ovary or ovaries
gametes
fertilisation
fetus or
zygote or
embryo
genetic information or genes or
chromosomes or DNA
do not accept characteristics by itself
(comes) from two parents
accept from both parents
Remember- mitosis produces
the same thing as the parent
cell (above)
Remember meiosis
produces GAMETES (sex
cells) so they have HALF
the amount of DNA. You
could have kept the dark
ones or the light
chromosomes (makes no
difference, as long as you
show you now have half!)
Topic you need to know about:
Chapter 1: cells, tissues and organs
Chapter 2: organisms in the environment
Chapter 3: enzymes
Chapter 4: energy from respiration
Chapter 5: simple inheritance in animals
and plants
Chapter 6: old and new species
Chapter 6- origins of life on Earth
1. Fossils are the remains or traces left of organisms
1. What is a fossil?
5.
6.
4.6
Billion
billion
ago or
4600
million
ago how
2.4.3.5
evolutionbecause
we3500
can use
themyears
to show
that
once
lived.years
2. How can fossils be formed?
3.
7.
Radioactive
Reduction
of
dating
a
species
methods
to
zero.
This
could
happen
- organisms
Mineral
replacementminerals
theto
ground
have that
changed
over adapted
theinyears.
8.
Organisms
are
best
the
organisms
cant
evolve
fast
enough
to
changes
3. How can we find out howbecause
old
are?in
9. fossils
Where
many
DIFFERENT
species
canon
die
at the
replace
minerals
the
hard parts
ofpass
the
skeleton
environment
survive,
reproduce
and
their
10.
Where
one
species
may
evolve
into
another
species
the
environment.
4. Fossils provide evidenceinof………….
same
timethis
may
occur
if
there
is
a
drastic
change
such
as
the
bone
or
shells
and
this
prevents
decay.
genes.
over
time.
inthe
theEarth
environment.
5. When do scientists believe
was
- Mummificationtooformed?
cold or too acidic- then decay
can’t
6. When do scientists believe
lifeoccur.
of Earth began?
- Moulds and casts- the dead organism may be
7. What does extinction mean?
pressed
into a soft sediment to form a cast.
8. State what natural selection
mean?
- Trace fossils- footprints etc.
9. State what mass extinction?
10. What is speciation?
variation / mutation
1
individuals with characteristics most suited
to environment survive, allow survival of the
fittest
1
genes passed to next generation or these
individuals reproduce
1
there is a lack of valid / reliable evidence
because the early organisms were soft bodied or
because remains were destroyed by geological action
populations of salamanders became isolated /
separated
1
by areas between mountains
1
there was genetic variation in these isolated
communities
1
natural selection acted differently on these isolated
communities
1
eventually resulting in interbreeding being no longer
possible and so new species have been formed
1
any two from:
•
similar in size to Emperor penguin
or bigger than all penguins
•
large size is adaptation to cold climate
•
since less heat loss per unit of body
volume
or smaller surface area /volume ratio
any four from:
•
mutation / variation
•
produces smaller wings / fatter
body
must be linked to mutation / variation
•
wings no longer an advantage since
no predators
allow wings / flight not needed as no
predators
•
wings no longer an advantage since
food on ground
allow wings / flight not needed as food
on ground
•
fatter body can store more energy
when fruit scarce
•
successful birds breed / pass on
genes
any one from:
•
evidence has all gone
•
no scientists on island at time to
record evidence
•
no records (from sailors)
any two from:
•
streamlined / shape reduces
friction / long and thin / smooth surface
OWTTE
•
fins / flippers / tail / paddle
do not accept ‘arms’ or ‘legs’
•
structures that push against water
fossils / teeth / bones / skeleton / foot prints
allow cave drawings
do not accept scientists have seen them
only (some) bones remain / soft parts have decayed
accept ‘no-one has ever seen one’
allow no photos, no pictures, no drawings any two from:
•
hunted by human
•
(new) predator
allow more predators
•
(new) competitor
•
(new) disease
•
environment changed /
named environmental change
allow natural disaster
•
prey extinct / loss of food
supply
ignore not enough food
Biology data analysis questions
plants with all mineral salts grew best
plants with mineral salts but no nitrate grow
better than
without any mineral salts
((mean) mass) increases up to 7 / 8 units (of light) then levels off
light limiting factor up to 7 / 8 units
for photosynthesis
other factor / temperature limiting above 7 / 8 units
rubber plant/fern
Because it can tolerate low levels of light