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Quick Reference Guide-Parts of Speech Part of Speech Noun (Subject-S, direct Object=do, indirect object=io, and obj. of prep=op, predicate nominative=pn) Pronoun (pro) (Subject-S, direct Object=do, indirect object=io, and obj. of prep=op) Adjective (adj, or predicate adjective –pa) (sometimes articles which are a, an, the) Definition Antecedent Ponoun Takes the place of a noun. A stand in for a noun Subject Pronouns: I, he, she, they, we, you Object Pronouns: him, her, it, them, me, us, you Describes a noun or a pronoun. Verb Shows action or state or being. LV= Linking verbs: appear, sound, seem, grow, & 1st six of HV song (is, be, am, are, was, were, been) LV No action! pa pn Who? What? do AV io Action ―New Improved Definition‖ Person, Place, Thing, Idea *Antecedent =Noun which the pronoun refers to. The dog ate its bone. Helping: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, have, has, had do, does, did, may, can, must, might, could, would, should, shall, will, being (HV song!) created by Fern LeMaster (Alton C. Crews Middle) Who? Answers Or What? Kinds of nouns 1. Common– Any one of a group of people, places or things. 2. Proper– Specific person, place, thing. 3. Compound– 2 or more words joined to make one. Answers Who? Kinds of pronouns 1st person Singular I, me, my, mine 2nd person Your, yours 3rd person Or What? Plural we, us, our, ours you, your, He, him, his, she, her, it they, them, their, theirs Answers What kind? Which one? How many? Whose? Kinds: 1. common adjective (ex. skating party) 2. proper adjective (ex. Arizona desert) 3. compound adjective (ex. Newborn calf) Shows time: Has tense can happen yesterday, today or tomorrow. Ex. (Past) 1. Yesterday I swam. (Present)2. Today I swim. He/she swims. (Future)3. Tomorrow I will swim. (Present Perfect) 1. I have swum. He/ she has run. (have/has +past participle (pp) (Past Perfect) 2. I had swum. (had + pp) (Future Perfect) 3. I will have swum. (will have + pp) *Watch for irregular verbs + forms of ―to be‖ Ex. Carolyn is a good student. Jeremy and Scott are good citizens. Kinds Of Verbs 1. Action– Visible (jump and play) Mental ( feel, love, understand) Still called action verbs. Definition Examples of Compounds Single word Hyphenated Thunderstorm father-in-law Separate Pen pal Collective-groups ex. team, flock, class, school of fish, fleet of ships Abstract noun– Can’t see or touch. Ex. Love, courage, hope, anger, frustration, confusion Kinds of pronouns Demonstrative– this, that, these, those Relative– who, whose, which, what, that, whoever, whatever, whichever, Ex. The player who had the ball, kicked to. Interrogative– Who?, Whose?, Whom, Which?, What? Reflexive– myself, himself, themselves Indefinite– all, both, one, each, some Kinds of adjectives 1. What kind? Ex. Expensive toys 2. Which one? Or whose? Ex. This man, the C.D 3. How many? Ex. Few cars, enough raisins, many Possessive– ex. Her C.D Demonstrative– ex. This watch Note* there usually has to be a noun after it for it to be an adjective Ex. Both girls sang. Kinds Of Verbs 2. Helping Verb– before main verb- ―helps‖ action to occur, shows time.(is, was, will be) Ex. Semaj is playing football. HV MV 3. Linking Verb– Links noun/pronoun with a word that identifies or describes it NO ACTION! Ex. Zach is a baseball fan. LV Ex. The lemon tastes sour. (can put ―is‖ in place) LV (inf): to sing, to run—verb *Infinitive form disguised as noun, adj, or adv Remember AAAWWWUBBIS-sc (as, although, after, while, when, unless, because, before, it, since) Part of Speech English Definition Adverb (adv) Describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Ex. The man sat down. ( ―down‖ is not a preposition now!) Preposition (prep) Always part of a prepositional phrase which begins with preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. Amber ran (across the hall.) Conjunction (cc, sc) New Improved Definition Answers Where? When? To What Extent? How? Kinds: Where?- Ansley, Abby, and Karen is here. When?- Drew will come later. How? Isabel and Caitlin smiled happily. To what extent? Ben and Alex are so happy. Shows a relationship between a noun/ pronoun and another word in a sentence. Describes another adverb. *Some ―hard-to-find adverbs—NOT ex. Anna could not find her book. Some more prepositions to watch out for! Some consist of more than one word. 3 kinds 1. Mary and Julianna will dance. (cc in a simple sentence) 2. Jesse or Ty will play cards. 3. Ray works quickly yet in a careful way. 4. Yssys ran the mile, and Pilar played basketball. (CC joins 2 independent clauses= 2 complete sentences) 5. Pierce likes pizza, but Justin prefers hot dogs. Ex. That is the answer according to Ilyassa. Avery and Haley need stamps in addition to envelopes. The football is next to the door. Lee and Ethan will go regardless of the weather. Subject= noun or pronoun Connects words, groups of words and independent clauses. 1. Coordinate -CC– FANBOYS - for, and, nor but, or, yet, so 3. Correlative-and, either, or, neither, nor, not, whether Expresses sudden excitement or strong feeling Usually followed by an exclamation mark (!) or a comma. Ex. Ah, aha, fine, hurray, ugh, wow, ouch, oh Kinds of sentences 1. SIMPLE (ss) = S+V (1 independent clause—a complete thought) 2. COMPOUND (cd) =2 independent clauses (joined by ; or cc) Ex. independent clause, one of FANBOYS (cc) + independent clause Basic Parts of a Either Cady will babysit, or Morriah will babysit the twins. Sentence Maddie and Macie play soccer; they play at GSA. Subject + Predicate= 3. COMPLEX (cx) = 1 dependent clause + 1 independant Sentence verb and after it every- Adverb clause w/ subordinate conjunction (sc) AKAAAAWWUBBIS ex. 1. Since it’s raining, Josh can’t play soccer. thing after it 2. Jacob went swimming because a competition was approaching. PHRASE—does NOT Adjective Clause w/relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, have a subject and a whose) Ex. Emma read the book that was fantasy. verb ex. down the Noun Clause: Julianna buys whatever CD’s are on sale. street, living in GA.= FRAGMENT 1. Sean nearly won the race. 2. This is too sweet. Describes an adjective (to what extent?) 3. Samir walked very carefully. (how?) Anything a rabbit can do to a log. Ex. Jumps across, over, around, near, on, off, under, toward, in, inside, from, against, behind, beneath *Beware! There are some prepositions that do not fit. Ex. of, for, at, after, except, instead of, about NOTE* The S of a sentence will never be in the prep. Phrase! 2. Subordinate (SC) AAAWWUBBIS Interjection (int) Examples 4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX (cd-cx) - 2 independent clauses + 1 dependent Wow! That was a powerful serve. Strong feeling Oh, I wish I could find it. Mild feeling Hard-to-find subjects A. Begin at once. (a command subject is always You) B. Will Drew start soon? Drew will start soon. (change so it’s not a question) C. There is my book. My book is there. (flip it!) Direct Object—noun or pronoun (do): Find AV (transitive verb) and ask Who? Or What? Ex. Molly and Melanie asked a question. Indirect Object (io): To or for whom/To or For what? Eli gave Justin a CD. CLAUSE = S+V (all clauses have a S+V!) Independent Clause (= a complete thought) = S+V & can stand on it’s own ex.1. Erica walked, ran, and swam. 2. Watson played lacrosse. Dependent Clause = S+V but NOT a complete thought and can’t stand alone. Ex. 1. When Liana was little 2. If Will and Emaso won a million dollars (also known as fragments!)