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Biology Chapter 7 Fill-in-the-Blanks (1) __________obtain carbon and energy from the physical environment; their carbon source is (2)___________. (3) ____________ autotrophs obtain energy from sunlight. T. (4) ___________demonstrated that aerobic bacteria moved to the regions of a strand of Spirogyra where red and (5) __________light was falling on the strand; O2 was produced here. (6) _________________ feed on autotrophs, each other, and organic wastes; representatives include (7) _________________, fungi, many protistans, and most bacteria. Although energy stored in organic compounds such as glucose may be released by several pathways, the pathway known as (8) ___________________________ releases the most energy. 9. In the space below, supply the missing information to complete the summary equation for photosynthesis: 12 ________ + CO2 —> + O2 + C6H12O6 10. Supply the appropriate information to state the equation for photosynthesis (above) in words: (a) _____________________ molecules of water plus six molecules of (b)____________________ (in the presence of pigments, enzymes, and sunlight) yield six molecules of (c)______________________ plus one molecule of (d) ____________________ plus (e)_________________________ molecules of water. The two major sets of reactions of photosynthesis are the (11)________________ reactions and the (12) ________________________ reactions. (13)______________________ and (14) ________________________ are the reactants of photosynthesis, and the end product is usually given as (15) _________________. The internal membranes and channels of the chloroplast form the (16)________________________ membrane and are organized into stacks, called (17) ____________________________. Spaces inside the thylakoid disks and channels form a continuous compartment where (18) _______________________ions accumulate to be used to produce ATP. The semifluid interior area surrounding the thylakoid is known as the (19) ___________________________ and is the area where the products of photosynthesis are produced. Although glucose is commonly listed as the end product of photosynthesis, little glucose is actually found in the cells, since the glucose phosphate produced is quickly converted into (20) ________________________, (21) _____________________, and (22) ________________. a. thylakoid membrane 23. ____ Light-independent reactions 24. ____ Sugars are assembled 25. ____ Light-dependent reactions 26. _____ ATP production 27. _____ Carbon dioxide provides the carbon b. stroma 28. _____ Sunlight energy is absorbed 29. _____ Water molecules are split 30. _____ NADPH delivers the hydrogen received from water 31. _____ Oxygen is formed Fill-in-the-Blanks The light-capturing phase of photosynthesis takes place on a system of (1) _________ membranes. A(n) (2) _______________ is a packet of light energy. Thylakoid membranes contain (3) ______________________, which absorb photons of light. The principal pigments are the (4) __________________, which reflect green wavelengths but absorb (5) ____________ and (6) _____________________ wavelengths. (7)__________________ are pigments that absorb violet and blue wavelengths but reflect yellow, orange, and red.A cluster of 200 to 300 of these pigment proteins is a(n) (8) __________________________. Matching Choose the most appropriate answer. 9. ____ Chlorophyll 10. ____ accessory pigments 11. _____ carotenoids 12. ____ violet—blue—green—yellow—red 13. ____ photons 14. ____ Chloroplast 15. ____ phycobilins 16. ____ thylakoid 17. ____ pigments A. Packets of energy that have an undulating motion through space B. The two stages of photosynthesis occur here C. Molecules that can absorb light D. Absorb violet and blue wavelengths but transmit red, orange, and yellow E. Visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum F. Pigments that transfer energy to chlorophyll a G. Absorb violet-to-blue and red wavelengths; the reason leaves appear green H. Red and blue pigments I. The site of the first stage of photosynthesis Labeling The following diagram illustrates noncyclic photophosphorylation. Identify each numbered part of the illustration . 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ 4.__________________________ 5._______________________________ 6._______________________________ 7._______________________________ 8._______________________________ Fill-in-the-Blanks ATP forms in both the cyclic and noncyclic pathways. When (9)___________________ flow through the membrane-bound transport systems, the systems also pick up hydrogen ions (H ) outside the membrane and shunt them into the (10)___________________ . compartment. This sets up Hf-concentration and electric (11) ___________________ across the membrane. Hydrogen ions that were split away from (12)___________________ molecules increase the gradients. The ions respond by flowing out through the interior of (13) ___________________ proteins that span the membrane. Energy associated with the flow drives the binding of unbound phosphate (F1) to ADP, the result being (14) ___________________ . The above description is known as the (15)___________________ theory of ATP formation. The noncyclic pathway also produces (16) __________________ by using (17) ___________________ from water and H ions from the thylakoid compartment to reduce NADP. Label and Match Identify each part of the following illustration. Complete the exercise by matching and entering the letter of the proper function description in the parentheses following each label. 1. ________________________( 2. ________________________( 3. ________________________( 4. ________________________( 5. ________________________( 6. ________________________( 7. ________________________( 8.________________________ ( 9.________________________ ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) A. A three-carbon sugar, the first sugar produced; goes on to form sugar phosphate and RuBP B. Typically used at once to form carbohydrate end products of photosynthesis C. A five-carbon compound produced from PGALs; attaches to incoming CO2 D. A compound that diffuses into leaves; attached to RuBP by enzymes in photosynthetic cells E. Includes all the chemical reactions that “fix” carbon into an organic compound F. Three-carbon compounds formed from the splitting of the six-carbon intermediate compound C. A molecule that was reduced in the noncyclic pathway; furnishes hydrogen atoms to construct sugar molecules H. A product of the light-dependent reactions; necessary in the light-independent reactions to energize molecules in metabolic pathways I. Includes all the chemistry that fixes CO2 converts PGA to PGAL and PGAL to RuBP and sugar phosphates Self-Quiz _____ 1. The electrons that are passed to NADPH during the noncyclic pathway of photo synthesis were obtained from a. water b. CO 2 c. glucose d. sunlight _____ 2. The cyclic pathway of the light- dependent reactions functions mainly to _______________ . a. fix CO2 b. make ATP c. produce PGAL d. regenerate ribulose bisphosphate ____ 3. Chemosynthetic autotrophs obtain en ergy by oxidizing such inorganic sub stances as ________________ . a. PGA b. PGAL c. sulfur d. water _____ 4. The ultimate electron and hydrogen acceptor in noncyclic photophosphorylation is _______________ . a. NADP b. ADP c. O 2 d. H 2O ____ 5. C4 plants have an advantage in hot, dry conditions because _______________ a. their leaves are covered with thicker wax layers than those of C3 plants b. their stomates open wider than those of C3 plants, thus cooling their surfaces c. they have a two-step CO2 fixation that reduces photorespiration d. they are also capable of carrying on photo-respiration _____ 6. Chlorophyll is a. on the outer chloroplast membrane b. inside the mitochondria c. in the stroma d. in the thylakoid membrane system _____ 7. W hich of the following is applicable to C3 plants? a. At the end of carbon fixation, the intermediate compound is PGA. b. At the end of carbon fixation, the intermediate compound is oxaloacetate. c. They are more sensitive to cold temperatures than are C4 plants. d. Corn, crabgrass, and sugarcane are examples of C3 plants. ____ 8. Plant cells produce 0 2 during photosynthesis by . a. splitting CO 2 b. splitting water c. degradation of the stroma d. breaking up sugar molecules _____ 9. Plants need and _______________ to carry on photosynthesis. a. oxygen; water b. oxygen; CO 2 c. C0 2 H 20 d. sugar; water _____ 10. The two products of the light-dependent reactions that are required for the light-independent chemistry are _____________ and a. C0 2; H 20 b. 02; NADPH c. 0 2; ATP d. ATP; NADPH