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MIDDLE AGES 1 LEARNING TARGETS Learning Target: I can discuss important aspects of the culture of Medieval Europe. Success Criteria: I am able to identify key points of the following: knighthood Crusades towns and guilds plague 2 KNIGHTS ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the key aspects of a knight? 3 KNIGHTS Knights were in the noble class because they had access to money. Armor and equipment were expensive. If there weren’t enough soldiers for battle, the knight had to pay for more. 4 KNIGHTS 3 stages of knighthood: Page - age 7-12, lived with noble family, acted like servant, learned - etiquette, reading/writing, music, religion, horse riding Squire - age 12-13, cared for armor and weapons and learned to use them, helped in tournaments, more responsibilities than page Knight - about age 21, needed to qualify - pass tests 5 KNIGHTS Tournaments (mock battles) How knights prepared for battle - practiced skills Became a major source of entertainment Allowed knights to gain more wealth - prizes 6 7 CRUSADES ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the purpose of the Crusades? What were the outcomes of the Crusades? 8 CRUSADES For hundreds of years, Muslims and Christians fought for control of the Holy Lands (Jerusalem). Purpose of Crusades: Christians lost control and fought to regain it. The pope thought the Crusades would unite Christians after the schism. 9 CRUSADES Reasons why people joined the Crusades: The pope promised anyone willing to fight that all of their sins would be forgiven and they would have immediate entry into heaven. People of all social classes had something to gain: Peasants - escape manor life Knights - use fighting skills Lords - gain land, wealth, and political power Church - gain control of Holy Land 10 CRUSADES Four major Crusades Did not permanently regain the Holy Land Muslim army more unified than Christian army Many lives lost Many lords lost their fortune Caused decline of feudalism Gained: New manners/behavior, cultural knowledge, trade/luxury items, exploration - better understanding of the world, brought Europe out of the Dark Ages 11 TOWNS ESSENTIAL QUESTION What role did towns and guilds play in the decline of feudalism? 12 TOWNS AND GUILDS Towns existed before the Crusades, but became more established after The growth of towns: Population grew - manors overcrowded Lords allowed peasants to buy their freedom Peasants formed small communities, called towns, outside of the manor Peasants were able to make more money, which led to the middle class (social class between nobles and peasants) 13 TOWNS AND GUILDS Guilds formed because the new middle class was making more money and there was a need for regulation and quality control of goods. Extremely high standards for membership and quality of the products Decided on fair prices for the products sold 14 TOWNS AND GUILDS Two types of guilds: Merchant guilds - regulated town’s trade and made sure anyone selling goods were part of a craft guild. Craft guilds - regulated the trade of specific crafts (hats, clothes, metal, etc.), controlled the actual artisans, set standards for products, taught crafts to one another. 15 TOWNS AND GUILDS 3 stages of training to become a guild member: Apprentice - about age 10, lasted 7 years, lived with master craftsmen and began learning the craft Journeyman - guild decided if he was ready, worked for various masters, earned daily wage, practiced skills Master - produce a “masterpiece” judged by guild to qualify, once qualified can own his own shop, can have an apprentice 16 THE PLAGUE ESSENTIAL QUESTION What were the impacts of the plague? 17 THE PLAGUE Started outside of Europe Traveled along trade routes to reach Europe Carried by fleas that attached themselves to humans after their rat hosts died Unsanitary conditions in towns created the perfect environment for fleas to spread. Over 3 years, 1/3 of Europe’s population (200-250 million) died from the plague 18 THE PLAGUE Economic impact: huge labor shortage led to survivors being paid higher wages, less people led to surplus of items, which lowered prices of goods Political impact: feudal system officially dismantled, kings free to take over land and form nations Cultural impact: people began to focus on death, evident in painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature 19