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GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ Chapter Style Topics Wordiness/Awkward ,i.e. choose brevity Redundancy Altered Intent Subject-Verb Agreement Subject and Verb must agree in number Middleman "And" vs. "Additive" Disjunctive Phrases: “or", "neither nor", " either or" Collective nouns Indefinite Pronouns Numerical Words When stuck with 2 grammatically correct answer choices, choose the shorter one Needless repetitiveness should be avoided, Be careful to preserve the meaning of the original sentence The first step is to find out the subject and its number "Of" is another middleman, remove it and find the number of the subject Subjects joined by "and" takes a plural verb unless the subjects are thought to be one item or unit An "additive phrase" is just another "middleman" Find the subject that is nearest the verb and make sure that the verb agrees in number with the subject It requires a singular verb when the group is regarded as a whole and plural when the members of the group are regarded as individuals Anyone, Everyone, Someone, No one, Anybody, Everybody, Somebody, No body, Anything, Everything Something Nothing, Whatever, Whoever, Each, Every, Either, Neither takes singular verb SANAM - Some, Any, None, All, Most "The number of" Description GMAT prefers simplicity and clarity The word "being" almost always indicates an incorrect answer choice, one should avoid it on the GMAT To find the simple subject, eliminate any modifiers If you can remove a phrase, and the sentence still makes sense, the phrase is likely a 'middleman' Along with, in addition to, as well as, accompanied by, including, together with, etc. When only "either" or "neither" is used without "or, nor", it takes singular verb only Administration, Army, Audience, Class, Crowd, Faculty, Orchestra, Team, Government, Parliament, Assembly, Council, Committee, Crew, Staff, Jury, Fleet, Majority, Mob, Minority, plurality, etc. When "Each" or "Every" follows a subject, it has no bearing on the verb, otherwise, it takes the singular verb Look at the object of the "Of" construction to determine the number of subjects "The percentage of" The committee has agreed on this issue .The committee are divided on this issue. They each are great tennis players. "Numbers of" is GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ A subject phrase is singular Verb Tense, Mood and Voice takes a singular verb, and "A number of" takes a plural verb Having good friends is a wonderful thing. When the verb precedes the subject, flip it and solve it. takes a singular verb, and "A percentage of" takes a plural verb It is usually seen in the sentence that begin with "There is" and "There are". A split infinitive is almost always incorrect Split Infinitive "to verb" is infinitive, and when the word is inserted in between "to" and "verb", it is called a split infinitive Tense: Simple, Progressive Unless the actions do not take place at the same time, keep all verb tenses in a given sentence the same. Use it for an action that began in the past and continues in to the present If more than one action in the sentence occurred at different times in the past, use past perfect tense for earlier action, and simple past for the later action. Do not use perfect tenses when the simple tenses will do. If Clause(present) Then Clause(will + Base Verb) Unless it mandatory, try to use simple tenses instead of progressive tenses. If Clause(past) - Then Clause(would/could + Base Verb) If Clause(past perfect) - Then Clause(would/could + have + Base Verb) Use "Whether" instead of "If". If you studied, you would score highly. Tense: Present Perfect Tense: Past Perfect Tense: If ,Then Subjunctive Mood: If clause Subjunctive Mood: Hopes, Proposals, Desires, Requests, formed with word "that". When the If clause expresses a condition contrary to reality. Here, use "that + the infinitive form" always wrong When in doubt, think singular There are a young man and older woman at the bus stop. "I need you to quickly run out to the store" is wrong!. "I need you to run quickly out to the store" is right! Have/Has + Past Participle They have been in town for several days. Had + Past Participle (here ,it does not matter which verb comes first in the sentence, only which verb comes first in time). Several teachers thought that Jimmy had cheated on the exam. If you study, you will score highly. Use the simple tenses unless you have a good reason not to. Would/Could never appear in the IF clause If you had studied, you would have scored highly. I do not know whether (not "if") I will go to the dance. If he were tall, he would be able to play. I respectfully ask that he be allowed to continue. "If he was" is always wrong. "that" follows words like, advise, ask, arrange, better, demand, direct, essential, fitting ,imperative, important, insist, instruct, intend, necessary, order, pray, prefer, plead, GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ Active vs. Passive Voices: Pronouns Pronoun Reference: Pronoun Agreement: Pronoun Case: Subject Pronoun Case: Object Pronoun Case: Possessive Modifiers Adjectives and Adverbs: Dangling Modifier Error: Misplaced Modifier Error: Modifiers with relative pronouns (which, that, where, who, whose, whom) Passive voices often make a sentence unnecessarily wordy and awkward. Only transitive verbs(verbs that take direct objects) can be written in passive voices The passive voice is also required when the non-underlined portion of the sentence contains person performing the action preceded by the word "by". It was seen around the world by the people of all ages. If there are more than one possible referent for a given pronoun, rewrite it to indicate only one possible pronoun referent. Pronoun must agree with antecedent in number. I, He, She, You, It, We, They, Who Me, Him, Her, You, It, Us, Them, Whom Mine, His, Her/Hers, Your/s, Its, Ours, Their/s, Whose There must be a stated antecedent for every GMAT pronoun, not an implied one. Every pronoun must refer to only one antecedent. It is a possessive noun, it's is actually "it is". An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. An adverb usually modifies a verb, but it can also describe an adjective, another adverb, a preposition or a phrase After finding the modifying phrase, search for the noun that it modifies. If noun is not directly given, insert it in to the sentence. It occurs when a modified noun is not present directly next to the modifying phrase. In GMAT, it is sometimes preferable to insert a modifier using a relative pronoun and a simple verb tense than using recommend, suggest, urge, vital After they advertised, sales (not "were increased") increased by 25%. Passive voice can be in correct answer choices esp. in science, medical and technical writing styles. Modifiers are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Wrong: Using the latest technology, the mechanical problem was identified. Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the mechanical problem. The modifier should touch the noun that it modifies. GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ Modifiers with relative pronouns: Who Modifiers with relative pronouns: Which –“ing” form of a verb. Who introduces phrases that modify a person or a group of people Which introduces phrases that modify things. Modifiers with relative pronouns: That That introduces phrases that modify either people or things. Adverbial Modifiers: If the modifier answers the question how? About the verb, it is an Adverbial Modifier. Parallelism dictates that comparable sentence parts must be structurally similar. Parallelism Parallelism with pronouns (such as which, that, those, who. etc.) Idioms with parallel structures Superficial Parallelism Verbs of Being If one item includes a pronoun, it is often appropriate to include the same pronoun in parallel items. More X that Y; The more X the greater Y; No less was X than was Y; As X to Y; Not only X but also Y; Not X but rather Y; X instead of Y; The same to X as to Y Do not become a victim of superficial parallelism by assuming that all verbs in a sentence must be parallel. Only the structures that are logically parallel must be structurally parallel. When you see a form of the verb "to be" or any other verb of "being", be sure that the two sides of the verb are parallel. Use "which" to introduce a "middleman" modifier, usually set-off by commas, that is a nonessential descriptive phrase that could be removed from the sentence Use "that" to introduce the modifier that is used to narrow the identity of the modified noun and cannot logically be removed. Adverbial Modifiers do not need to touch the words they modify. When working with parallel infinitives, it is acceptable to leave out the word "to" in all the infinitives after the first. Range from X to Y; Both X & Y; Either X or Y; Neither X nor Y; Mistake X for Y; Prefer X to Y; X regarded as Y; To think of X as Y; Believe X to be Y (To be): is, am, are, was, were, been, being Wrong: The flower bouquet was the husband is giving of love. Right: The flower bouquet was the husband’s loving gift. GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ Comparisons Comparison Signals Comparative vs. Superlative Idioms Spot-Extract-Replace (Being/Condition):appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn Wrong: The attitude of that politician always seem to be attacking the poor. Right: Because of his intolerant attitude, that politician always seems to be attacking the poor. Like, Unlike, Likening, More than, Greater than, Less than, Shorter than, Different from as (adj) as, as many as, as few as, as much as, as little as, as high as, as short as Comparisons must be logically parallel, i.e. They must compare similar things. Do not use "like" when you mean "for example"; instead use "such as" The "like" is used to compare two nouns. The word "as" is used to compare two clauses. Although "like" and "as" seem interchangeable, for GMAT they are not! Comparisons must be structurally parallel, I.e., they must have a similar grammatical structure. Good-Better-Best; Bad-Worse-Worst; Much, Many-MoreMost; Little-Less, ,Lesser-Least; FarFarther, FurtherFarthest, Furthest When comparing only two things, use the comparative form, and when comparing more than two things, use superlative form 1- Spot the suspect idiomatic expression GMAT does tend to focus on certain common idioms. Memorizing these can be very useful. The idiomatic expressions "whether or not" and "numbers of" are always incorrect. 2- Extract the idiom from the sentence and play with it in your head by inserting it in to made-up sentences. 3- Replace the correct idiom in the sentence and evaluate how it sounds. Odds & Ends Quantity Countable Modifiers: Many; As Many As; Fewer/Few; Number of The words "increase" Uncountable Modifiers: Much; As Much As; Little/Less; Amount of; Equivalent to The word "many" modifies countable things, whereas the word "much" modifies uncountable things. GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment of Argument_______________________________________________ Connecting Words Connecting Punctuation (semi colon and colon) "Do it”; "Numbers of"; “Whether or not" are usually incorrect. or "decrease” express the change of one thing over time, whereas "greater" and "less" signal a comparison between two things. In order for phrases and clauses to combine in to one complete sentence, they must be connected together in the proper way by certain connecting words. A semicolon (;) is used only to connect two related complete sentences. Both statements must be able to stand alone as independent sentences. "Do so"; "Number of"; "Whether to" are right usages. and, or, nor, but, yet, although, when, because, for, since, before, after, if, unless A colon (:) is used to equate two parts of the sentence. You should be able to insert the word "namely" after the colon. Only the statement that precedes the colon must be able to stand alone