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The Early Middle Ages The Middle Ages lasted from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. The Middle Ages refers to the era between ancient and modern times. The “Early Middle Ages” lasted from 500 A.D. to 1000 A.D. After the fall of Rome, there was a breakdown of society. There was less education and fewer advancements in Western Civilization. Germanic tribes conquered Europe that was once under the Roman Empire. Europe was broken into small kingdoms of Franks, Goths, Vandals, and Saxons. This led to a slow blending of Roman heritage, Christian beliefs, and German customs. Foundations of Early Medieval Society: - Classical heritage of Rome. - Christian beliefs. - Customs of Germanic Tribes: - Population made up of mostly farmers and herders. - The people lived in small communities. - Government of unwritten customs. No written laws. - Kings elected by tribal councils. - Warriors were loyal to king in exchange for weapons and stolen goods. Influence of the Roman Catholic Church: The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in Western Europe. The Pope in Rome became the strongest political leader in Western Europe. The Catholic Church taught that all people were sinners and dependent on God’s grace. People would receive God’s grace through church rituals called sacraments. Sacramental rituals included baptism, penance, confirmation, communion, and matrimony. During the Middle Ages, the Pope anointed the Emperors, missionaries carried Christianity to Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people. Influence of the Church: - Secular (non-religious) authority declined, while church authority grew. Secular clergy included the Pope, bishops, and priests who lived among people or “in the world.” Regular clergy included monks and nuns who lived apart from society. - Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements. - Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes. - Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.). - Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people. Feudalism The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with landholding lords who promised them protection. Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire, leading to feudalism. Feudalism is alliances of mutual protection between monarchs and nobles based on exchanging land grants for loyalty. Feudal Society during the Middle Ages: - Fief – Estates with peasants. A peasant refers to a poor farmer who rents or owns land. - Vassals – A vassal is a noble who served a lord of the next higher rank. - Serfs – A serf is an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate - Feudal obligations. An homage is an official ceremony of obligation between a lord and a vassal. - Knights are mounted warriors. Manorial System during the Middle Ages: - Manorialism is an economic system linking nobles and peasants on their land. - Rigid class structure. - Self-sufficient manors, maintained by serfs/peasants. Age of Charlemagne and European Invasions Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory. Franks are people from German tribes who dominated Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Eventually, by the mid-700’s, the Franks would reunited Western European lands as a Christian Empire. In 800, Pope Leo II crowned Frankish king Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. This marks the first time that a German was named an Emperor. It united the Christian community. The alliance between Frankish kings and the Church reestablished Roman culture (Christianity) in Western Europe. Age of Charlemagne: - Frankish kings emerged as a force in Western Europe. - Pope Leo II crowned Charlemagne the Emperor in 800 A.D. - Power of the Church was established in political life. - Roman culture was reinterpreted. - Most of Western Europe was included in the new empire. - Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire. Invasions and Migrations into Europe From about 700 to 1000 A.D., invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe. Warfare became a way of life for medieval nobles. This created a warrior culture, which included knights, who protected the peasants and nobles. A system of chivalry (warrior conduct) developed out of this. Areas of Settlement of Migratory Invaders of Europe: - Germanic Angles, Saxon, and Jutes from Central Europe invaded England. - Magyars from Central Asia invaded Western Europe. - Danes from Scandinavia invaded England and northern France and Europe. - Vikings from Scandinavia invaded Russia and Europe. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, and Magyars: - Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. - Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened. Important Events of the Middle Ages 324 - Constantine became Emperor of the Roman Empire. 455 - Vandals sacked Rome. 476 - Fall of the Roman Empire. 481 - Clovis became King of the Franks. 570 - Birth of Muhammad. 732 - Battle of Tours. 800 - Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 896 - Alfred, King of England, defeats Danish invaders. 988 - Christianity reaches Russia. 1066 - William of Normandy conquers England. 1096 - First Crusade to the Holy Land. 1206 - Genghis Khan founds the Mongol Empire. 1337 - Start of Hundred Years' War between France and England. 1347 - 1351 - Black Death (plague) in Europe.