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Afscheidsviering Prof. Rudi Verheyen: “Vision on water resources monitoring” 26.11.2009 Antwerpen H. Vereecken Agrosphere Institute Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Terrestrial environmental Observatories: a new instrument for environmental research? Loss of agricultural land (e.g. in China 3,5 Mio ha since 2002) Decline of water availability (49,000 km3 per year) and water quality 1/3 of the earth‘s annual renewable water may be affected by pollution in 2050 (Gleick et al., 1998) Worldwide loss of biodiversity: 11.000 species are at risk • • • • Page 2 50% of the global land surface has been changed by human activity; 23 % of the land surface is degraded in quality Soil, Water, Air and Biosphere • 1750: 1 bn 2008: 6.7 bn 2050: 10 bn Facts of Global Change World population development from 1750 to 2050: Existing measurement networks are typically focused on specific compartments and research questions Long-term hydrological and ecological data are urgently needed for validating terrestrial environmental models There is a need for capacity building in the field of terrestrial research by bringing together different research communities • • • Page 3 Global Change affects all compartments of the terrestrial environment (water, soil, vegetation, atmosphere) with complex feedback mechanisms • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. The effects of Global Change on terrestrial systems are regionally differentiated • Motivation Page 4 Temperature increase in 2100 [°C] Climate models are projecting significant climate change in Germany in the next 100 years: • Increase in temperature (2.5 – 3.5°C) • Decrease in precipitation (up to 30 %) Climate Change in Germany Umweltbundesamt: Künftige Klimaänderungen in Deutschland – Regionale Projektionen für das 21. Jahrhundert Hintergrundpapier April 2006, aktualisiert im September 2006 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Precipitation decrease in 2100 [mm] Temperature [°C] Page 5 The TERENO Network Lead coordination: GFZ • Planned German Lowland Observatory R. Glaser 2008: Klimageschichte •Mitteleuropas Bavarian Alps / pre-Alps – 1200 JahreObservatory Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen mit HMUG Prognosen Joint coordination: / FZKfür das 21. Jahrhundert. Lead coordination: UFZ • Halle/Leipzig Observatory Regions high sensitivity to Leadwith coordination: FZJ Climate Change • Lower Rhine Valley / Eifel Observatory Page 6 • To bridge the gap between measurement, model and management • To determine effective parameters, fluxes and state variables for different scales • To analyse the interactions and feedbacks between soil, vegetation and atmosphere from the point to the catchment scale • To study long-term influence of land use changes, climate changes, socioeconomic developments and human interventions in terrestrial systems • To provide long-term environmental data in a multi-scale and multi-temporal mode General Scientific Objectives To exploit the availability of novel technologies and high performance computer facilities for terrestrial research To establish common measurement platforms as the basis for long term data sets To combine observation and experimentation To foster synergies within the research Area Earth and Environment and between Helmholtz-centers and national and international research organizations • • • • Page 7 To bring together scientists from different scientific communities and to integrate disciplines • BIOLOGY SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS PEDOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS HYDROLOGY TERENO – The concept Page 8 Next step: Linking up DFG-Biodiversity Exploratories NLP Eifel Wüstebach Scheyern Leipzig-Halle Schorfheide-Chorin Uckermark NLP Müritz Integrating TERENO and LTER sites Page 9 Geoarchive Combination of real-time process observations (e.g. soil moisture, hydrology, vegetation) and evaluation of geoarchives (seaborne, colluvials, peats, soils) • Field observation Integrated system analysis of climate- and landscape development/process understanding • Remote Sensing Region impacts of Global Change on near-natural terrestrial ecosystems and landscape in space and time • Combination of process observations with geoarchives Optimized energy and trace gas fluxes and balances Improved use of soil microbial functions for better plant nutrition and plant protection • • Page 10 Adapted and sustainable plant production systems in crop rotations of plants for food, feed and bioenergy • Research Farm Klostergut Scheyern Impact of land use changes on agro-ecosystems Page 11 University of Cologne „Patterns in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Systems: Monitoring, Modelling and Data Assimilation“ • Close cooperation with the Collaborative Research Centre: • Dense official monitoring network available • Reference area: National park Eifel • Distinct Gradients (e.g. Geology, Climate, Landuse, Topography) The Pilot Observatory Rur Catchment NS Temp. Temperature [°C] 1961 Page 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 Year 1979 1982 1985 1988 Mean temperature trend within the Rur catchment 1961-2000 1991 1994 1997 R = 0.399 2 y = 0.0435x + 8.2222 The Rur Catchment – Trends in air temperature Page 13 Testsite “Wüstebach” Testsite „Rollesbroich“ Testsite „Selhausen“ Meteorological Observatory University of Cologne •Developing new measurement technologies •Introduce patterns and structures into SVA models by data assimilation techniques •Quantification of the influence of small scale structures and heterogeneity on larger scales •Analysis of the role SVA patterns and feed back mechanisms between compartments on terrestrial processes •Installation of a long-term monitoring network for exchange processes in the Soil-VegetationAtmosphere (SVA) continuum Pilot Terrestrial Observatory Rur catchment Goals Page 14 Opening of the new polarimetric weather radar for regional measurements of precipitation and wind fields Page 15 Rainscanner Wüstebach X-band polarimetric Doppler-Radar Sophienhöhe Basin scale weather radar network X-band polarimetric Doppler-Radar Meteorological Institute, Bonn Page 16 Page 17 Far-field GPR Electrical resitivity tomography IRthermography Eddy covariance 13.5 m TDR Trench Temperature, soil water content, CO2, Matric potential CO2 closed chambers L-band radiometer Eco-Dimona Combining geophysics, meteorology and remote sensing to quantify effective water and carbon fluxes at the field scale Page 18 Mapping field scale soil moisture with L-band radiometer and GPR Page 19 EC-5 Sensor TE Sensor SoilNet End Device Antenna ZigBee Module Battery Page 20 Preliminary results: Soil water content Page 21 Soil Moisture Sensor Network Groundwater Wells Soil Respiration Chambers Eddy-Flux Towers Lysimeter Deforestation Area The Wüstebach experimental catchment Runoff Gauging Stations Page 22 Pre-event soil water content distribution Page 23 Event soil water content distribution Page 24 EMIRAD, PLMR, SAR momentary imaging Radiometer and Sensor Networks (SoilNet) long-term continuous monitoring Test sites sed n a b el tio Mod nalisa o Airborne campaigns regi From the local to the regional Scale… global regional local PLMR Rur Campaign 2008 continuous monitoring Satellites (e.g. SMOS) Page 25 SAR Data from the SARTEO campaign 2007 over the Rur catchment Parameter Estimation: Algorithms for environ. parameter estimation Validation with ground measurements Data Processing: Flight position processing (DGPS) Raw data processing Campaign Execution: Calibration instrument Measurement campaign Campaign Preparation: Flight planning Testsite location Example of an airborne campaign: Environmental Sensing with Multi-Sensors Page 26 Real time monitoring of e.g. soil moisture Assimilation (E.g. Kalman filtering, Particle filtering) Assimilation Supercomputer JUBL Hydrological model (e.g. WaSim-ETH) 2-way Coupling (Local model) Weather prediction model and hydrological fluxes (z.B. evapotranspiration, Groundwater recharge, Surface runoff) Assimilating hydrological data for soil moisture prediction 5-daily prediction of soil moisture Weather data Page 27 Terrestrial Biosphere air chemistry Biogenic/microbial exchange, transpiration Met./climate variables, heat fluxes, land surface & soil properties Latent & sensible Terrestrial Hydrosphere & Land Surface + anthropogenic impact/management properties, leaching Water availability, land surface & physical & chemical soil properties Dynamic vegetation Atmosphere Met./climate variables Challenge: Integrated and coupled modelling Wüstebach ǻ Temp ~ 2.5 °C Page 28 Weilheim Unternogg Graswang Ammer Catchment ǻ Temp ~ 3 °C Rollesbroich Sehlhausen Rur Catchment Bad Lauchstädt Schäfertal Halberstadt Bode Catchment Uecker Catchment Climate-Feedback-Experimentations: Lysimeter Network TERENO-SoilCan ǻ Rainfall ~ 500 mm ǻ Rainfall ~ 700 mm Page 29 ǻ Temp ~ 2.5 °C ~ 550 ü NN Weilheim (E-Balance, CO2, H2O) Eddy covariance on lysimeter systems Measurement of N2O, NOx, CO2, CH4 Lysimeter ~ 1m3 Micro-Rainfall radar MRR2 Climate station Climate-Feedback-Experimentations ǻ Rainfall ~700 mm Page 30 Lysimeter specification: Surface area: 1 m³ Depth: 1.5 m Resolution: 0.01 mm / 10 g Lysimeter Station Page 31 Outreach: TERENO Workshop on Distributed Sensing Page 32 GPR Radiometer WeatherRadar SMOS SAR Multi-scale observations using noninvasive and novel Technologies Super Computing Modelling Soil moisture Evapotranspiration Runoff Hydrological Processes Vision: To predict terrestrial processes from sensing information Page 33 Universities Federal and Länder authorities and agencies National park Water association, Industry, Agriculture Research Center Geological surveys, DWD Local LTER DFG-Biodiversity Exploratories BIOLOGY BIOLOGY ICOS FLUXNET CarboEurope ALARM LTSER SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS CZO ANAEE PEDOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY Global GROUND, AIR & SPACEBORNE OBSERVING SYSTEMS HYDROLOGY CUAHSI HOBE NOHAHYDROLOGY TERENO Networking