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Social Studies 10-2 Chapter 9: Historical Globalization and Imperialism: Notes: DRIVING IMPERIALISM – p. 144-147 Imperialism: The policy of one country extending political, economic, or military control over another. In the 19th century, Europeans took over vast regions of the world. They engaged inhabitants in economic partnerships. Chapter Issue: To what extent was imperialism a beneficial force? Imperialism is sometimes called empire building. Throughout the course of human history many empires have risen and fallen. European imperialism has its roots in early mercantilism. It caused huge increases in trade and exploration around the world. It brought peoples into contact that had never had the opportunity to meet before. By 1814, the world had seen about 400 years of outward expansion of European power over the peoples’ in other continents. The word imperialism came into use in the mid-1800’s when the world saw a great surge of empires led by European countries. By 1815, most European countries were increasingly industrialized. They needed two things to keep their industrialized economies going: • Raw materials with which they could create goods to sell • Markets to buy those goods Europe was running out of both. Europeans began looking outside of their borders for cheaper and more abundant raw materials. They used their armies to acquire territories all over the world. These territories provided them with both raw materials and markets for their goods. The Europeans valued these territories so much that they fought wars with each other over which country would control which region. This eventually leads Europe to fight the “War to End all Wars” or “the Great War” in 1914. Social Studies 10-2 Chapter 9: Historical Globalization and Imperialism Justifying the Methods: Eurocentric Views (p.148-151) Early arguments in favor of imperialism were based on ECONOMIC grounds. Europeans needed raw material, so they took them from where they could. Many Europeans claimed they were helping countries modernize. Ex) The British helped build an extensive railway in India Who benefited from the building of a railway in India? – the British or the people of India? Many Europeans claimed they were helping countries modernize. Ex) The Canadian government move Inuit in the 1950’s who were living a traditional lifestyle on the land into year round communities with permanent housing. The Canadian government said they wanted to ensure that the Inuit had sufficient housing, food, and schooling, and wanted to provide them with benefits such as modern medicine and technology. Others argue that the Canadian government did this to solidify Canada’s land claim to the region. Europeans claimed that Western people and the Western cultures were superior to those of Indigenous People and the Europeans claimed it was their duty to “civilize” Indigenous people. The Europeans tried to justify their actions in Africa and other European colonies by claiming that they had A RESPONSIBILITY to “uplift, civilize, and Christianize” the Indigenous people of the world. This so-called duty became known as “The White Man’s Burden” after a popular poem written in 1899 by Rudyard Kipling. Many Europeans claimed they were helping countries modernize. Ex) Jesuits of New France worked tirelessly to convert the First Nations and Inuit to Christianity. Global Trade in People – SLAVERY Eurocentrism became so extreme that some Europeans felt that Indigenous people were little more than commodities – something to be bought and sold. Between 1650 and 1900, approximately 28 million Africans were put on ships and sold into slavery on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. “The Middle Passage” (Figure 9-7, page 150) was the name given to the route used by European countries to exchange goods across the Atlantic: a)European traders would export manufactured goods to the West Coast of Africa. These goods were exchanged for captured African slaves. b) Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas by boat and sold for huge profits and forced to work on plantations to produce raw materials such as sugar, cotton, coffee, metals, tobacco. c) These raw materials were shipped back to European countries and sold to make huge profits for the monarchs and governments of Europe. Look at Figure 9-6 on the top of page 150 to see a diagram of the European imperialist governments motives and methods. What were they gaining? What were they hurting? Impacts of Imperialism on Canada Chapter 9 - (pages 152-154) Economic Impacts: Example: - the Canadian fur trade created great wealth for European nations Political Impacts: Example: - treaties and alliances shift control of the land from First Nations and Inuit to French and English governments Social Impacts: Example: - diseases from Europe kill millions of Aboriginal people Creation of Canada English and French are Canada’s two official languages but the Aboriginal peoples have always occupied this land. France was the first European country to begin a permanent colony in Canada. They conducted a very profitable fur trade and the French valued the First Nations fur trappers (Wendat and Haudenosaunee tribes) so they generally had a co-operative working relationship. The French became the Acadians and Canadiens of New France. England began a fur trade as well into Hudson’s Bay where they traded with Cree First Nation’s trappers. The British also occupied the Thirteen Colonies in what is present day USA. Les Canadiens European countries fought over territory all over the world to quench their imperialist motives (see page 150). The same tune rings true in present day Canada where the British and the French fought over territory in what was called the Seven Years War. France lost territory in Canada to the British following the Treaty of Paris and this made New France a British colony - full of French speaking Canadiens. Britain tried to assimilate les Canadiens and take away their rights as French speaking citizens in a British territory with the Proclamation Act of 1763. However, when the Americans citizens revolted against the British in the American Revolution, the British wanted to preserve the loyalty of the Canadiens. The Quebec Act of 1774 guaranteed les Canadiens their rights in the areas of language, religion, and civil law. This is why Canada is a bilingual country today. To make bilingualism work in Canada has NOT been an easy job. The legacy of British imperialism meant that Francophones, Aboriginal, and non-British immigrants experienced the oppression of a government and a society that believed British ways were superior to theirs. However, many Canadians have learned to value the attitudes of acceptance and respect for others. Canadians have used these attitudes to help create a pluralistic society - one grounded on respect for all peoples. Impact on Aboriginal Peoples Confederation - the formal agreement of Canada’s union - was a very exclusive club. Inuit, Metis, and First Nations were NOT given a chance to participate. Neither were women or the poor. All of the decisions surrounding Confederation was left to the imperialist ideals of the Eurocentric politicians. This Eurocentrism led to a lack of respect for Aboriginal people and their way of life and by leaving them out of the discussions for Confederation. Canadian politicians embraced this imperialist approach. Canada’s new constitution made “Indians and land reserves for Indians” a government responsibility like mines or roads. First Nations governments lacked real power. The federal government took control of resources located on reserve lands. The federal government forcibly replaced First Nations concepts of marriage and parenting with European ones. First Nations people traditional way of life was completely ignored.