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Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Lesson Overview
Chapter 18
Finding Order
in Diversity
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Classification systems:
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Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Classification systems:
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Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Classification systems:
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Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
TAXONOMY = The branch of biology that groups and names
organisms based on studies of their different
characteristics.
The science of naming and grouping organisms is sometimes
also called systematics
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
TAXONOMY = The branch of biology that groups and names
organisms based on studies of their different
characteristics.
The science of naming and grouping organisms is sometimes
also called systematics
Today, scientists use evolutionary relationships to place
organisms into the appropriate taxonomic group.
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
TAXONOMY = The branch of biology that groups and names
organisms based on studies of their different
characteristics.
The science of naming and grouping organisms is sometimes
also called systematics
Today, scientists use evolutionary relationships to place
organisms into the appropriate taxonomic group.
Evolutionary relationships include characteristics such
as structural similarities, breeding behavior, geographic
distribution, chromosome comparison, and
biochemistry.
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
The first classification system was created by Aristotle (384–
322 B.C.)
Aristotle made two groups – plants and animals
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
The first classification system was created by Aristotle (384–
322 B.C.)
Aristotle made two groups – plants and animals
Plants were placed in subgroups based on size (herbs,
shrubs, and trees)
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
The first classification system was created by Aristotle (384–
322 B.C.)
Aristotle made two groups – plants and animals
Plants were placed in subgroups based on size (herbs,
shrubs, and trees)
Animals were placed in subgroups based on where they
lived (land, air, and water)
The problem with Aristotle’s system was that some organisms
did not fit easily into these groups and subgroups
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Linnaeus created a classification system that was based on
physical and structural similarities between organisms
The groupings revealed the relationships of the organisms
Linnaeus still only had two kingdoms, but he included more
subdivisions
Linnaeus did include a third kingdom called minerals that was
later removed from his system
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Linnaeus created a classification system that was based on
physical and structural similarities between organisms
The groupings revealed the relationships of the organisms
Linnaeus still only had two kingdoms, but he included more
subdivisions
Linnaeus did include a third kingdom called minerals that was
later removed from his system
Linnaeus’s taxonomic groups included kingdom, order,
genus, and species
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Over time, Linnaeus’s original classification system would
expand to include seven hierarchical taxa (plural for
taxonomic group)
The seven taxonomic groups (from broadest to the most
specific) include kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, and species
A kingdom is a group of related phyla, etc.
Two organisms in the same class would also have to be in the
same phylum and kingdom
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Linnaeus also developed a two-word naming system called
binomial nomenclature
The first word indentifies the organism’s genus (a group of
similar species)
The second word often describes a characteristic of the
organism (the species name)
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Scientific names are written in italic
The fist word begins with a capital letter, and the second word is
lowercased.
Example = Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
The genus Ursus contains five other species of bear
The species name maritimus refers to the sea (polar bears live n
pack ice that floats in the sea)
Example = Red maple (Acer rubrum)
The genus Acer consists of all maple trees
The species rubrum describes the red maple’s color
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Scientific names are useful because they indicate
relationships among organisms
The genus name is the same for closely related species
The species name usually describes the organism
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Scientific names are useful because they indicate
relationships among organisms
The genus name is the same for closely related species
The species name usually describes the organism
Scientific names are also useful because they are the
same around the world
Latin is used (which does not change)
Common names differ from one country to another
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1866, Haeckel added a third kingdom, the protista kingdom
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1866, Haeckel added a third kingdom, the protista kingdom
In 1956, Herbert Copeland propsed the fourth kingdom, the
moneran kingdom
The invention of the electron microscope allowed scientists to
study bacteria (prokaryotes)
Bacteria were separated into their own kingdom due to the
cellular differences between any other cell (the bacterial cells
lack a nucleus and most of the organelles)
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1969, Whittaker created a five kingdom classification
system
Whittaker added the fungi kingdom
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1969, Whittaker created a five kingdom classification
system
Whittaker added the fungi kingdom
The five kingdoms included monera (bacteria), protists,
fungi, plants, and animals
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1977, Carl Woese defined the archaebacteria kingdom
Woese separated the monerans into two kingdoms, eubacteria
and archaebacteria
The diversity of prokarytoes was discovered as researchers
learned more about the genetics and biochemistry of bacteria
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
In 1977, Carl Woese defined the archaebacteria kingdom
Woese separated the monerans into two kingdoms, eubacteria
and archaebacteria
The diversity of prokarytoes was discovered as researchers
learned more about the genetics and biochemistry of bacteria
The six kingdom classification includes archaebacteria,
eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Genetic analysis has revealed that the two main prokaryotic
kingdoms are more different from each other, and from
eukaryotes, than previously thought.
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Taxonomy Background
Genetic analysis has revealed that the two main prokaryotic
kingdoms are more different from each other, and from
eukaryotes, than previously thought.
Biologists have established a new taxonomic category –
the domain (a domain is a larger, more inclusive
category than a kingdom)
There are three domains
Bacteria (corresponding to the kingdom Eubacteria)
Archaea (corresponding to kingdom Archaebacteria)
Eukarya (corresponding to kindgom Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia)
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Eubacteria (domain Bacteria)
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Eubacteria (domain Bacteria)
Number of Cells
Unicellular
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph or heterotroph
Examples
Streptococcus and Escherichia coli
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Archaebacteria (domain Archaea)
Cell Type
Prokaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Archaebacteria (domain Archaea)
Number of Cells
Unicellular
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph or heterotroph
Examples
Methanogens and halophiles
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Protista (domain Eukarya)
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls of cellulose in some
Some have chloroplasts
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Protista (domain Eukarya)
Number of Cells
Most unicellular (some multicellular)
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph or heterotroph (protists can be fungus-like,
plant-like, or animal-like)
Examples
Amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, and giant kelp
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Fungi (domain Eukarya)
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls made of chitin
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Fungi (domain Eukarya)
Number of Cells
Most multicellular (some unicellular)
Mode of Nutrition
Heterotroph
Examples
Mushrooms and yeasts
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Plantae (domain Eukarya)
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Cell Structures
Cell walls made of cellulose
Chloroplasts
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Plantae (domain Eukarya)
Number of Cells
Most multicellular (some green algae are unicellular)
Mode of Nutrition
Autotroph
Examples
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Animalia (domain Eukarya)
Cell Type
Eukaryote
Cell Structures
No cell walls
No chloroplasts
Lesson Overview
Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
Kingdom
Animalia (domain Eukarya)
Number of Cells
Multicellular
Mode of Nutrition
Heterotroph
Examples
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals