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Studies in
New Mexican
Part
II,
Spanish
Morpliology
Aurelio M. Espinosa
(Continuation.)
a)
§ 128.
The ear-iar
verbs.
Thèse verbs hâve been confused
almost impossible to keep them apart.
to the extent that it is
From
the view point of the
there are no original -ear verbs in N. M,
infinitive
ail -iar,
^
a change purely phonetic in
< Spanish -ellar
ear verbs
since they are
Ail -ear and
the -iar class.
For the
as well as the -ïar
< -illae
-iar verbs are therefore one class in N. M.
modem N. M. S.,
S.,
beginning.2
its
S.,
verbs see b) below. Thèse are of later development and are already
being confused with the original -ear, -iar verbs. -Ear and -iar verbs
had many forms in common, a cause for further confusion. Even the
infinitive form, however, may be made -iar by analogy, if it did not
>
pasiamos, etc.
To settle some of
change earlier than paseamos
is well nigh impossible in many cases.
AU the important developments which the -ear -iar (ail -iar in
N. M. S.) may suffer in the New Mexican conjugation are extremely
important. AU are verbs of the first conjugation and in many of the
tenses are exactly identical in their terminations, to whatever class
thèse points definitely
they
may
The
belong.
starting point of divergence
is
the présent
tense, where the original terminations are having a hard struggle for
their existence in the face of the leveling influences of analogy.
In the midst of ail thèse confusions, a few types, either because
they hâve undergone a complète transformation or because there is
clearly a methodical and regular analogical development, can be definitely
and profitably
may
be
classifled
1.
-ear verbs
also
admit
also
admit -eyo and
2.
in
classifled.
The most important developments
the foUowiiig six classes of the -ear -iar verbs:
which had a présent in
-eo,
may keep
the
-eo
but
which had a présent in
-eo,
may keep
the
-eo
and
-eyo.
-ear verbs
EDR
m
>
Cf.
2
Phonology, § 83.
-Lio,
(1911),
251-286; IV (1912), 241-256.
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Studies in
3.
New
Mexican Spanish
143
II.
verbs which remain uninfluenced by the other -ear -iar
which admit the analogical y (sometimes phonetic?).
-iar verbs, which tho keeping the original --io may borrow
-iar
classes but
4.
the
-eo,
-eyo forras
by analogy.
verbs which pass over to the -ear
5.
-iar
6.
-iar -îo
verbs which hâve,
-eo,
in
-eyo class
by analogy passed
to
toto.
the -iar
--io class.
The complète conjugation
of
a verb of each type will
now be
given, together with a list in each case of the important verbs
belong to each type.
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which
144
A. M. Espinosa
2
3
apxards
ap^ard
4 apiaremos
5-6 apiardn
§ 130.
Type
2: aliniar (also ali^ar)^ déliniar (also delifiar)^
Inf.
aliniar, alifiar
Près. Part.
àliniando, alifiando
Past. Part.
aliniau, alifiau
Près. Indic.
apiaras
4 apidranos
5-6 apiaran
2
1
alineo, alineyo, alinio, aliiîo
2
alinéas, alineyas, alinias, alifias
3
alinéa, alineya, alinia, alifia
4 aliniamos, alifiamos
Près. Subj.
5-6
alinjfln, alifian
1-3
alineye, alinéï, alinîe, aliUe
2
alineyes, alineyis,"^ alinéïs,^ alinies, ali'^es
4 alinéenos, alinéyenos, alinéïnos, alinienos,
5-6 alineen, aUneyen, alinëin,^ alinien, alifien
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alifienos
Studies in
New
Mexican Spanish
II.
Près. Indic.
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145
146
A. M. Espinosa
Fut. Indic.
1
copiaré
2
copiards
3
copiard
4
copiaremos
Imperf. Subj. 1-3
copîara
2
copiaras
4
copjdranos
5-6 copiaran
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Studies in
Imperf. Indic. 1-3
New
vaciaba
Mexican Spanish
Prêt. Indic.
vaciahas
2
4 vaciamos
5-6 vacîaron
vadara
2
2 vaciards
vaciaras
4 vacidranos
5-6 vaciaran
vaciard
3
vacié
vaciates
Imperf. Subj. 1-3
vaciaré
1
1
2
3 vado
4 vacidhanos
5-6 vaciahan
Fut. Indic.
147
II.
4 vaciaremos
5-6 vaciardn
Thèse are the principal types of the original -mr -iar
varions developments tliruout the conjugations. It
is at once évident that the confusion between the différent types is
very natural, since many forms and even entire tenses (the prêt, and
imperf.) are of the same formation in ail, or nearly ail. The g-reatest
confusion exists in the présent tense where we see how some N. M. S.,
verbs hâve even passed to an entirely différent présent type, 6. The
reasons for the présence of the y, and the other numerous and interesting changes both phonetic and analogical, hâve already been
explained. The analogical processes hère involved and the confusions
between the types, especially with respect to the présent tense are
for the most part found in many other Spanish dialects and even in
§ 135.
verbs with
tlieir
The develop-
the literary language double forms hâve not been rare.
ments,
however,
are
The
b)
§ 136.
and
various
to
subjected to a comparative study.
<
ear
The fréquent
complicated
to
be proôtably
^
-ellae, iar
<
-illar verbs.
fall of intervocalic
II
in N.
M.
S.,
has been
times referred to and in § 111 (III) we hâve given a few verb
forms to illustrate some of the effects of its fall in the verb sj^stem.
many
The
<
-ear
détail.
The
ellar, -iar
<
ûir
<
illar verbs will now be treated more in
tjllir verbs will be considered together with the
regular and original uir verbs.
the N. M.
présent,
in
S. -ear,
is
the
-iar
The most
interesting problem which
verbs derived from original
question of the origin of the
the original -ear -iar
verbs,
a),
y.
-ellar,
We
the présence of
illar verbs,
hâve seen that
y, breaking the
^ For a brief historical outliue of the -ear -iar verbs in Spanish seeMenéndez
Pidal, Gram. Hist § 106. The modem dialect forms are also treated by Cuervo,
Apuntaciones, §§ 273-284.
10*
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148
A. M. Espinosa
was
hiatus
in the majority of cases analogical, in
In the verbs which
phonetic.
we
are
now
some cases probably
considering, the fall of
II
has made them similar and often identical with the original -ear -iar
verbs, and the problem is complicated by 1. the analogy of the regular
-ear
verbs,
-iar
2.
the spécifie -ear or -iar classes which are lending
the later verbs their
and lastly
forais,
3.
the question as to whether
the y represents the II or is of later analogical or phonetic development.^ The two classes hâve not blended completely. The original
-ear
verbs hâve always changed ea to ^a, as we hâve already
whenever the accent was on the a, but the new ear -'iar verbs
-iar
seen,
keep as a rule the original syllabication
The complète conjugation
will now be given.
jugation.
classes
Conjugation of estrear
§ 137.
of
e-a,
i-a,
thruout the con-
a verb of each one of thèse
< estbellae and hrïar < beillae.
II
Inf.
estrear, estreyar
brïar, briyar
Past. Part.
estreau, estreyau
hrïau, briyau
Près. Part.
estreando, estreyando
brïando, briyando
Près. Indic.
1
estreo, estreyo
brio, briyo
2
estreas, estreyas
brias, briyas
3
estrea, estreya
hria, briya
4 estreamos, estreyamos
5-6 estrean, estreyan
briamos, briyamos
brian, briyan
Près. Subj.
1-3
2
briye
estree, estreye, estréi, estreyi
brie,
estrees, estreyes, estréis, estreyis
bries, briyes
4
5-6
estréenos, estréïnos, estréyenos, estréyinos
brîenos, briyenos
estreen, estreyen, estréin, estreyin
brien, briyen
1-3
estreaba, estreyaba
brïaba, briyaba
estreahas, estreyahas
br'iabas,
Imperf. Indic.
2
4 estredbanos, estreydhanos
5-6 estreahan, estreyaban
^
ïï
S.,
is
with y of some
i.
e.
ELLOS
modem, and
not
localities (see
> e^os
The
fall of
medial
some groups, e. g. illo, illa, ello, ella, the forms
Phonology § 158) may be of very récent development,
in
(18th century?)
récent development).
briydbanos
brïaban, briyaban
This last problem enters even into the non-yerbal forms.
in N. M.
briyabas
brïdbanos,
>
eos (early
19th century?)
In the verb the forms with y are
>
less fréquent.
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eyos (of very
New
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Mexican Spaniah
149
II.
Prêt. Indic.
hriyé
1
estreé, estreyé
hrïé,
2
estreates, estreyates
hrïates, hriyates
3
estreô, estreyô
brïâ, briyô
4 estreamos, estreyamos
5-6 estrearon, estreyaron
hrïamos, hriyamos
brïaron, hriyaron
Fut. Indic.
1
estrearé, estreyaré
brïaré, hriyaré
2
estreards, estreyards
hrïards, hriyards
3
estreard, estreyard
briard, briyard
4 estrearemos, estreyaremos
5-6 estreardn, estreyardn
brïaremos,
briyaremos
brïardn, briyardn
Imperf. Subj.
1-3
2
estreara, estreyara
brïara, briyara
estrearas, estreyaras
brïaras, briyaras
brïdranos, briydranos
4 estredranos, estreydranos
5-6 estrearan, estreyaran
c)
The
brïaran, briyaran.
verbs of English source.
-%ar
class
§ 138. Verbs of English origin pass over to the iar conjugation,
1. apiar
apear, etc., in N. M. S. This is indeed a significant
fact
when one
into
old Spanish,
<
-ear class.
jugation.
1
fell in
the
pass to the -iar class
thruout like the
-ear-jxir
the double forms
-eo,
The
conjugation, tho not always in the
first
The Germanie -jan verbs usually passed into the 3d conThat the first conjugation should also attract in New Mexico
the verbs of English origin
ail
Germanie verbs which passed over
considers that the
following
English origin in
eyo,
is
is
is
also
verbs of class
ea,
1.
already discussed, having
eya, etc.
a brief
common
very natural, but why they should
Thèse verbs are conjugated
not clear.^
list
use in
of
New
the more important verbs
Mexican Spanish:
baquiar
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150
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Studies in
<
chachar
2.
New
Mexican Spanish
*chachiar
<
151
II.
charge
<
iar.
Près. Indic.
chacho, chacheo, chacheyo [caco], [caceo], [caceio]
chacheyan
chacJian, chachean,
Prêt. Indic.
5-6
chaché [c^cç]
chacharon [cacarçn]
chachates [cacatçs]
Imperf. Subj.
1-3 chachara [ôacara]
3.
4 chachdranos [cacâranos]
jausar
< pusiar <
push
+
iae
Près. Indic.
1
4 pusamos
5-6 pusean, puseyan
puseo, puseyo
2 puëeas, piiseyas
Près. Subj.
1-3 pusee, puseye, puseyi, pusëi
4 puséenos, puséyenos, puséyinos, pusëinos
Prêt. Indic.
1
4 pusamos
5-6 pusaron
pusé
2 pu§ates
3 pusâ
d)
§ 140.
The
-aer
verbs.
The only important popular verbs which
class are caer,
>
traee
N. M.
S.,
cair,
cm, cayer,
fall
trair,
under this
irai,
trayer
(rarely also quer, trer).
The conjugation
of thèse verbs is as follows:
quer
trayer, trer
In fin.
cair, cai, cayer,
Près. Part.
caindo, cayendo
traindo, trayendo
Past. Part.
caido
traido
Près. Indic.
1
caigo
traigo
2
cais
trais
3
cai
irai
4 caimos
5-6 cain
Près. Subj.
trair, irai,
1-3 caiga
2 caigas
4 câiganos
5-6 caigan
traimos
train
traiga
traigas
trdiganos
traigan
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152
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Studies in
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Mexican Spanish
153
II.
a similar devel opinent with the analogical (sometimes phonetic? see
§ 126) y hère and tliere for reasons already explained in tlie other
classes of the verbs with juxtaposed vowels in the terminations.
<
eeîa, feeia are purely
Other developments such as riia, friîa
the
analogical
thèse
with
develop
the later forms,
phonetic and
y
rieron, etc.
riyîa, friyia, etc. The forms rj,eron, rjfindo, frj,eron etc.,
are also phonetic, being due to the consonantization of i before a
<
tonic vowel.
Rïemos, frïemos are analogical (see § 105).
ingrirse
engrbirsb, however, has followed in
<
The verb
separated
many
it
of its
many
form has apparently
from the more common frïr, rir and it has become in
forms a regular verb of the 3d (New Mexican 2nd) con-
respects a différent development.
Its trisyllabic
jugation.
§ 143.
The conjugation
of the
two types
will
show where the
developments agrée and where ingrir has departed from
its
primitive
type to follow a more gênerai analogical development.
ingrir
Infin.
rir,
Près. Part.
rïendo, riyendo, rjendo
ingrjfindo
Past. Part.
rido, riido, riyido
ingrido, engrido
1
rïo, riyo
ingro
2
ries, riyes
ingres
3
rie,
4
rïemos, riyemos
ingremos
rien, riyen
ingren
Près. Indic.
5-6
The
riir,
riyir^
riye
ingre
analogy to
regular
\
conjugation
J
question of the y aside, the forms riyemos, ingremos follow
S., analogical developments indicated in § 105.
the gênerai N. M.
Près. Subj.
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154
A. M. Espinosa
Prêt. Indic.
—
riyi^
1
ri,
2
rites, riites, riyîtes
engrites, ingrites
3
rïô, riyô, r%ô
ingrj,ô
rii,
4 rimos, riimos, riyimos
5-6 rïeron, r^eron, riyeron
ingrjfiron
Eegular with any infinitive stem, but more commonly
with the short stems, rir, frir.
Fut. Indic.
Imperf. Subj. 1-3
rïera, riera, riyera
ingrjfira
4 rïéranos, riéranos, riyéranos
5-6 rïeran, rieran, riyeran
The
f)
To
§ 144.
1er,
—
this
class
ingriéranos
ingr^eran
verbs.
-eer
belong the verbs leer, créer
>
N. M. S.
leyer, crer, creyer.
we hâve two laws in opération thruout the conee > ei
e, when the 2nd e has the accent, and b)
has the accent. ^ To thèse important developments
In thèse verbs
ee
>
first
e
jugation, a)
when
is
the
to be
added the présence
already fully discussed as
it
of y to
break the hiatus, a phenomenon
appears in
juxtaposition in the terminations.
ail
the verbs involving vocalic
It is also to
be remarked that the
phonetic laws a) and b) do not hold with absolute uniformity, as in
some cases ée > e and eé > ei,
normal and probably also phonetic
logical.
Furthermore, eé or
§ 145.
The forms
ce
différent
developments from
the
some cases, tho as a rule anamay in some cases remain unchaiiged.
in
of crer are the
foUowing:
Infin.
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1-3
Près. Subj.
4
Imp. Indic.
Mexican Spanish
créa, creya, creiga^
créanos, créyanos, créiganos
creiba etc.
(§ 116).
Also creyia, creyias
creiguia, creiguias etc.,
Prêt. Indic.
155
II.
etc.,
and
both rare.
creyi
1
crei,
2
creites, creyites
3
creô, creyô
4 creimos, creyimos
5-6 créer on, creyeron.
The
future and conditional indic. are usually formed from the
shorter form crer, as in the other classes of the verbs already given.
The
rest of the
forms do not présent
forms with the inorganic. medial
found when the form
is
conjugated
is
in
y,
any new phenomena.
hère and in
an emphatic
position.
ail
''
The
other places are
Exactly like crer
1er.
g)
The
verbs.
-oer, -oîr, -uïr
§ 146. The principal verbs to be considered under thèse classes
are the popular verbs eoee; oie; huir
N. M. S. royer, ruïr, ruir;
>
oyer,
uïr,
While many of the developments of
and the phenomena involved are largely
uir; juïr, juyir, juir.
thèse verb forms are parallel
due to phonetic and analogical processes already observed, there are
a few changes which appear only in thèse verbs and under conditions
somewhat
différent.
The conjugation
of
the three verbs will show
thèse différences:
Infln.
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156
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hâve been given already in § 110,
fuir,
as those
given above, in
of juïr,
III.
their
ail
167
II.
The forms are
the same
developments.
See also
§138.
The
h)
'Uar verbs.
Thèse verbs hâve generalized the diphthongal forms
its syllabic value, or a further development
§ 148.
every where, depriving u of
ua > a, uo > o, and less frequently Me > e may take
most comraon of thèse verbs are graduar, continuar:
of
Près. Indic.
1
gradua, grado
continua, cantina
2
gradua, grada
continua, cantina
3 graduamos, gradamos
1-3 gradue, grade
Près. Subj.
continue, cantine
continuenos, contînenas
5-6 graduen, graden
continuen, cantinen
The double development appears
cantinaha
etc.
i
The
continuamas, cantinamos
grdduenas, grddenos
4
tinuàba,
place.
thru, gradué,
ail
In addition graduar
gradé,
may hâve
can-
metathesis,
grauda, graudô etc.
Verbs with vocaiic alternations.
IV.
Thèse
§ 149.
class
This
verbs.
of
suffer
is
changes in N. M.
less
generally true of
ail
S.
the
than any other
modem Spanish
a gênerai levelling by analogy like the one which has taken
place in French being unknown in modem Spanish and its dialects.
In spite of ail the gênerai phonetic and analogical changes common
dialects,
to
ail
classes
of
verbs
in
N. M.
alternations in the verbs which
very
little.
persist
in
On
many
we
S.
(see
are
§§103-120),
now
discussing,
the
vocaiic
hâve suffered
the other hand, the regular old vocaiic alternations
verbs which hâve lost them in the
modem
literary
language, thru the levelling influences of analogy, and others préserve
no sign of thèse différences.
The
principal
classes
of
verbs with vocaiic alternations which
are worthy of considération hère, are the following:
1.
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158
A. M. Espinosa
Ail
thèse différent classes can be conveniently studied under
three gênerai classes:
I
II
III
The
différent
classes
1,
2,
classes 4,
5.
3.
classes 6, 7.
verbs under each of thèse three gênerai classes
hâve identical developments.
Class
I.
§ 150. Thèse verbs suffer practically no changes at ail, other
Even the gênerai
than the gênerai changes already referred to.
the
8d. conjugation in
analogical development which has destroyed
does not occur hère, for this class has only verbs of the Ist
and 2nd conjugation. The important forms of thèse verbs in N. M. S.
N. M.
S.,
are the following:
Près. Indic.
1
pienso
Près. Subj.
4 pensamos
5-6 piensan
1-3 piense
Prêt. Indic.
5-6 piensen
1 pensé
ruego
4 piénsenos
2 pensâtes
4 pensamos
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New
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jugated in N. M,
tiempla
S.:
anegar - aniega
modem
159
II.
entregar - entriega
etc.;
templar-
etc.,
*
etc.
The following verbs
in
Mexican Spanish
wliich
hâve the regular vocalic alternations
Spanish do not hâve them in N. M.
S.:
1
asolar
asoïa
asolan
asôlenos etc.
2
forzar
forza
forzan
fôrcenos etc.
3
hoïgar
holga
holgan
Jiôlgenos etc.
4
Jierrar
herre
herran
hérrenos etc.
Coser and cocer are in N. M.
The
alternations of cocer.
z
following the regular
identical,
S.,
c (e, i)
=
s
has helped this confusion:
cueso, cue^o, cosemos, cocemos, cuesen, cuecen [kueso,
Sorber
is
^
kueso
etc.]. ^
con jugated also like coser and cocer: suerho, suerbes,
suerbe, sorbemos, suerben etc.
The verb
§ 152.
worthy
of
the diphthong,^
cèdes
oler présents several interesting
developments
In most of the forms a spirant g [g] préand furthermore in many of the forms the
considération.
diphthongized and the non-diphthongized vowel are found side by
The
side.
following forms will illustrate the important developments:
Infin,
oler,
Près, Indic.
g oler
1
oh, uelo, guelo
2
oies, ueles,
3
oie,
gûeles
uele, guéle
4 olemos, golemos,
5-6 olen, uélen, guelen
Près. Subj. 1-3 ola, iiela, guela
4 ôlanos, uélanos, gûélanos
5-0 clan, guélan, uelan
1
^
Imperf. Indic.
oUa, golia, olîanos, golianos, etc.
Prêt. Indic.
olî,
Imperf. Subj.
oliera, goliera, oliéranos, goliéranos, etc.
goli, alites, goUtes, etc.
See also Bello-Cuervo, Gram.^\ Notas 77, 134.
Errar, however, has the alternations, yerro, yerras, yérrenos,
etc.
Strangely
enough, however the N. M. S., uses this with the meaning-, 'to err', 'to oifend', but
never with the meaning, to miss (as a mark). For this last meaning, there is employed the verb jerrar
« ferrâre? >
jierro, jierras, jierra, jerramos,
the h
jiermn;
herrar"?),
with regular alternations also:
jierre, jiérrenos, etc.
phenomenon
In herrar, however
from the other
where there is no such form as jerrar and errar is often, erra, erras, etc.
(Cuervo, Apuntaciones § 236).
8 In Bogota this same phenomen is found (Cuervo, Apuntaciones
§238).
* Phonology,
§ 118.
is
sileut
in N. M. S.
This N. M.
S.
,
is
diiferent
dialects,
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160
A. M. Espinosa
Class IL
§ 153. The developments found in tlie verbs of this class do
not differ essentially frora those of tlie I class. It is only to be
observed that hère
Ist
the levelling which changes the vowel of the
person plural together with the termination, follows a gênerai
aualogy not found in class
I,
for
the lack of verbs of the 3d con-
we may hâve
in thèse verbs a change of e to
and o to m for phonetic or analogical causes, which may also occur
with any verb with stem vowels e or o whether of tliis or any
jugation.
In addition
i
other class.
The majority
from the
of the
changes above mentioned can be observed
folio wing forms:
Infin.
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Mexican Spanish
161
II.
analogy does not corne from the other forms of the same tense wliere
Since the verbs in question are ail of the
ie, îie, occur and not i, u.
3d conjugation, the change in the près, indic, 4 is partly due to the
adjustment of conjugation (§ 105). In addition, the form conformed
with the development of the verbs in class
A phenomen found only in this class
of
II.
is
where u would be more regular, dormiô,
the occasional présence
etc.,
a change not found
in the other classes.
§ 155. The conjugation of the more important forms of the two
types of class III will show the new developments. It will also be
noticed that the changes often due to umlaut are hère identical with
those of class
II.
Infin.
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162
A, M. Espinosa
With
the verb dormir,
drumieron, but ne ver
metatliesis
when the accent
drumir, drumia,
fréquent:
is
falls
on the stem: duerma,
etc.
Irregular Verbs.
V.
Inchoativeverbs, The majority of thèse verbs do not
important changes other than the gênerai ones already discussed
§156.
suffer
As is the case in a few of the verbs with vocalic
(§§ 103-120).
alternation, some inchoatives hâve been preserved in N, M. S., tho now
Mecer has in N. M. S. mezco, mesca,
mezcan [mçsko, mçska, mçskan], forms fréquent in old Spanish to
the end of the XVIIth century, and even later.i
In placer, the
plazca,
plazco, never plegue, etc.
N. Mexicans say always
In the
prêt, indie. placer has always placiô, placites, etc., never plugo.
The verb toser has also taken inchoative endings side by side
with the regular forms:
regularized in literary speech.
On
and
has
toso, toses, tose
or
tosco, toses, tose
tosa, tosas, tosa
or
tosca, toscas, tosca.
the other hand crecer has also the regular forms:
crezco, creces, crece
or
crezo, creces, crece
crezca, crezcas, crezca
or
creza, crezas, creza.
§ 157. Bendecir and introducir. Thèse verbs présent many
interesting phenomena.
In the près, indic. and subj. the
-ga, -sga, -sca (sp. -zca),
while the second
new
first
Bendecir
lias -sga, -sca.
has even a form bendisco:
Près. Indic.
1
Près. Subj. 1-3
hendigo, bendisco
introdusco
;
bendiga, bendisca, bendisga [bç:dizga]
4 bendîganos, bendiscanos, bendîsganos [bç dizgançs]
1-3 introdusca, introdusga, etc.
:
It
clear that
is
ail
the forms are analogical, the confusion of
The
the forms usually following the more fréquent verbs.
siuce asir, asga, asgas, etc.
interesting,
Agarrar
is
used
everywhere for
is
ail in
The forms with
asir.
therefore old in their development,
not used at
-sga is
N. M.
-sga,
change
since a phonetic
is
S.
are
not
probable.
In the prêt, indic. both verbs hâve
weak forms
:
bendeci, bendici,
bendicites, bendiciô, bendicimos, bendicieron, introducî, introducites, intro-
duciô, introducimos, introducieron.
1
Menéndez Pidal, Gram.
Hist, §112,3.
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Studies in
§ 158.
Haher.
New
The forms
of liaber are the following:i
hahiendo, hayendo
Près. Part.
Près. Indic.
Mexican Spanish IL
1
lie,
ha (analogical)^
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m
164
A. M. Espinosa
3 fué, jué
4 fuimos, juimos
5 fueron, jueron
In
<
the
imperf.
subj.
HUBIEEA, HUBIEEAS,
may hâve
haber
huyera,
huyeras,
etc.,
etC.
§ 160. Tener. The behavior of n and other developments make
the forms of this verb very important and interesting. The foUowiug
are the principal forms:
Infin.
tener, teër
Pr. Part.
tenjendo, teûendo,
Pt. Part.
^
teyendo (rare)
tenido, tëîdo, tinido
Prs. Indic.
tengo, tëo
2
tj,enes,
3
txene,
4t
tenemos, teëmos, temos
5-6
Près. Subj.
1
-
2
1
tjJees,^
tj,ëe,^
tj,ees,
tjJë,
tj^ëen,^
tjfinen,
ijés
tjé
ijeen, tj,en
3
tenga, tëa
4
ténganos, tëanos
Imperf. Indic.
ténia, tinta, etc.,
Future and cond.
tenré, tendre, tenria, tendria,
Imperf. Subj.
tuviera, tuvieras, etc. or tuyera, tuyeras, etc.^
rare
teflia,
tifiia,
etc.
etc*
Hacer and decir. The principal forms of tliese verbs
§ 161.
naturally follow parallel changes:
Infin.
dedr, dicir^
Près. Part.
diciendo
Past. Part.
dicJio
digo, dio
dices
dicemos
»
Phonology, § 150.
2
IMd. §
'
Ibid. §§ 31, 32, 209.
*
Ibid. § 148.
"
For the forms entengas, entengues,
"
32.
The changes
of
medial or
final
etc., see § 117.
consonants, vowels
etc.,
are net always
treated hère as thèse changes hâve heen fuUy discussed in other places, especially
in the Phonology.
Medial
c,
s,
g
=
j often, hence dejir, ajer,
dijîa, etc.
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etc.,
also dejîa,
Studies in
Près. Subj. 1-3
4
Imperf. Indic.
New Mexican
165
Spanish H.
haga, haa
diga, dîa
hdganos, hdanos
diganos, dianos
hacia, hacias, etc.
decîa, dicia, etc.
no new phenomena. The 3d plural of
an archaic form. There is also a
rare form dijén used in the districts east of Albuquerque where there
also occurs trajén (Phonology § 83, 2).
The imperf. subj. of decir is
The
decir
is
prêt, indic. présents
usually dijieron,
dijieon,
likewise, dijiera, dijieras, etc.^
§ 162.
Ir.
The frequency
of
use in this
verb has
about a larger variety of forms than any other verb in
in N.
M.
S.
The
folio wing
brought
common
are the principal forms:
Infin.
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use
166
A. M. Espinosa
1-3
Près. Subj.
5
-
quiera, quiea, quia
2
quiera, quieas
4
qujiéranos, qujjéanos
6
quxeran, quj,ean
Imperf. Indic.
queria, quiria, quirjfl, etc.
Prêt. Indic.
1
-
2
quise, quije, quisites, quijites, etc.
5-6
quisieron, quijieon, quisiôn, quijiôn
quedré, quedrds, quedrd etc. (§ 115)
Fut. Indic. and Condit.
quedrîa, quedrias, quedrîa, etc.
[kçdre'j kçdri^, etc.]
Imperf. Subj.
3
quisj,era, quijijera, quisjfia, quisid, quijid
4
quisléranos, quijiéranos, quisiéanos, quisidnos
5-6
quisjtCran, quijjfiran, quisiean, quis^dn, qnij^ân
1
§ 164.
Some
Ver.
same as those
-
the developments
of
of the -ear -iar verbs.
The
of
this
folio wing
verb are
the
forms, however,
deserve spécial mention:
and Subi.
Près. Indic.
{'">''"!"''
"'T-
,
Kvea, veya, veiga, etc.
Similar forms hâve been already discussed.
In the imperfect
indicative the following forms are used:
vïa, vîas, via, vianos,
vïan
viyan
viya, viyas, viya, viyanos,
veiguïa, veiguias, etc.
via,
vias,
may be
etc.
phonetic development
occurs early
form
is
when
is
also
forms made regularly from ver, but a
possible and even probable since via
was perhaps more common than
veer
found in Juan de Mena,
Lazarillo,
etc.i
Veiguïa
is
a
Calisto
curions
e
Malihea,
form
ver.
Don
developed
The
Quixote,
from
the
présent veigo.
In the prêt,
indic.
the archaic forms vide and vido persist:
vide, vites, vido, vimos, vieron.
§ 165. Caber and saler. Thèse two verbs hâve parallel developments in most of the new changes. Thèse are limited to the présent
indic. and subj.:
„
T
:i-
Près. Indic.
i
quepo, cado; cales etc.
{
,
\sé,
Phonoîogy, §
,
\
-
saoo; sabes etc.
69, note 1.
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{iquepa,
167
II.
caba, quepas, cabas, etc.
\capa, capas, (rare)
sepa, sepas, etc.
Saber
lias also
a regular
saberias, etc., used side
fut.
new forms
and
condit. saberé, saberds, sabena,
side with'sa&re, sabrîa, etc.
The regular
Foder.
§ 166.
variety of
by
d (see § 110) causes a large
which hâve been studied in the
fall of
in this verb,
Phonology in différent places.
fall of the d is regular:
Près. Indic.
1
In the présent tenses, especially the
puedo, pueo,
puô
(po, rare)
2 puedes, puees, pues
3 puede, puee, piié
4 podemos, poemos
Près. Subj.
5-6 pueden, pueen, puén
1 - 3 pueda, puea, pua
2 puedas, pueas, puds
4 puédanos, puéanos
5-6 puedan, puean, pudn
Imperf. Subj. 1
-
3 pudiera, puyera
4 pudiéranos, puyéranos
In the other forms the
§ 167.
Poner.
The
fall of
d
fréquent.
is less
possible fall of medial
of the neighboring tonic vowel, as \ve
n and
hâve seen in
1
pongo, pôo
nasalization
tener (§ 157) has
brought about similar developments in the verb poner.
Près. Indic.
its
^
1-3 ponga, pâa"^
4 pônganos, pôanos
5 pongan, pôan
Près. Subj.
2 pones, pôes
3 pone, pôe
4 ponemos, poëmos
5-6 ponen, pôen
In the
fut.
and
condit.
the development
VI.
is
identical with tener.
New Forms.
Hère belong ail verbs and verb forms of entirely new
formation. The new verbs of English source hâve ail been mentioned
in §§ 138, 139.
We saw there how the English verbs passed to the
§ 168.
'
2
Phonology, § 28.
This may be analogy to j^oo, pôes, but
it
may
be phonetic, see
logy § 32.
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Phono-
168
A. M. Espinosa
conjugation in
first
Mo
and that the
-iar
ending was preferred, a
tendency found also in other modem dialects which are admitting
foreign words in their vocabulary. To what is said in § 138 about
the Jewisli Spanish verbs of Turkish origin, sliould be added that
the tendency in Spanish to make new formative verbs with the -ear,
-iar
ending dates from the Old Spanish period and even from Vulgar
Latin times.
i
Of Spanish origin,
§ 169.
the foUowing verbs
or
verbal ex-
pressions call for spécial attention:
1.
From
the adverb meramente, a séries of independent verb
forms has developed, as
the infinitive were meramenter, menter,
if
new verb
is
extension of the independent meaning
is
The meaning
enter.
of this
'parecerse
or 'parecer
'
'.
The
very natural arising perhaps
from such expressions as es meramente asi, etc., also meramente asi, etc.
The forms are ail developed primarily from meramente. The shorter
forms arise from fréquent use and do not follow any fixed phonetic
laws, other than the fall of medial r and perhaps dissimilation and
The forms used are only the
haplology.
Près. Indic.
following:
1
meramento, meento, mento, ento
2
meramentes, meentes, mentes, entes
3
meramente, meente, mente, ente
4
meramentemos, mentemos, entemos
5-6 meramenten, menten,
Imperf. Indic.
1-3 meramentia,
2
enten
mentîa, entîa
meramentîas, mentias, entias
4 meramentianos, mentianos, entîanos
5-6 meramentïan, mentian,
Près. Subj.
1-3 meramenta (menta,
2 meramentas
entîan
etc.,
rare)
4 meraméntanos
5-6 meramentan
Other forms are used, but very rarely.
2.
Quese"^
(< que
es
de)
is
used generally
for
where
is?
where are?
^ Menéudez Pidal, Gram. Hist.,
§ 125 (2). The American-Spanish verbs of
Indian origin also seem to prefer the -car -ending (= iar?), see Lenz, Diccionario
Etimolôjico,
etc.
(1904-1910), causear, chambonear, champear, chasconear, chicotear
(used also in N. Mex.), chinear, huanear,
2
etc., s. v.
See Phonology, § 104.
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Studies in
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Spanish
169
II.
papd?
gQtièse tu
^Quese las tijeras?
(îqijé es de ellos?
gQues' eos?
<
3.
or
g
Onde g'ùeno? (< donde bueno)
used for gAdônde va
is
van?
g
gAdônde bueno? g De dônde bueno? are used
XVIth and XVIIth centuries with the
Bonde hueno?
in the Spanish
ellipsis of
of the XVtli;
the verbs venir or ir:
gAdônde
g
g
—
Sefior, voy d Santiago,
{Primavera y Flor de Rom. 18, 22).
bueno, condesa?
Dônde bueno,
Adônde bueno
liija
ô
(Lope de Rueda
mîa?
malo por
el
(Tellez,
4.
and
With the meaning
'es posible
of
I,
118).
prado ?
Don
Gil
I,
qtie' or 'es
7).i
probable que'
and formation the New Mexicans also say, es fdcil
has been shortened to 'fdcil que' and extended to
of similar use
and
que',
this
'facilmente que'
'
=
probable or posible que:
es
=
fâcilmente que vaya mafiana
fdcil
5.
=
que no venga
Esque,
es posible
que vaya
manana
probable que no venga.
es que
(<
isque
es
+
diz que?),
is
used generally,
especially in questions:
g
g
In use this
is
Isque y a se fué tu tïo?
Isque y a se van?
very similar to the French
Spanish es que, however
+
<
es que
is
has given the N. M.
que diz que, see §
'est-ce
que'.
The
not used thus, so that I believe 'dis que'
S. forms.
For the conjunction quisque
91.
VII.
Verbal nouns.
§ 170. Of the regular Spanish post-verbals which hâve the
of the 3d sing. of the présent indicative, the following con-
vowel
sidérations are important hère:
The post verbal which is of old formation persits with the older
Spanish form, together with the older verb in cases where the modem
literary language has changed both, by losing the diphthongal forms
or vice versa (see § 148).
^
In N. M.
S.
the following apparently irregular
For more examples, see Cuervo, Bicdonario,
s.
v.
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170
A. M. Espinosa
post- verbal S
destiemple.
occur:
aniego,
a)
b) asole,
asolo;
aniegue;
entriega,
holgue.
holgo,
It
entriegue,
entriego;
can also be seen that
the choice in the final vowel is not fixed in N. M. S., the popular
language having a (féminine) and o, e (masculine) for the same form
in many cases.
This triple development is also found in tlie literary
language, altho in some cases the différence in the vocalic ending
is accompanied by a différence of meaning.
This is seldom the case
in N. M. S., where any of the three vocalic endings may be used indiscriminately
:
deguello, deguelle;
desempeno, désempare;
desengafio,
desuello, desiielle;
desato,
desengafie-,
reclanw, réclame;
desate,
desquito,
desquite; toco, toque, etc.
Of the verbal nouns made by adding suffixes, those
§ 171.
ending in -dera are the most common, used regulary in the plural:
correderas
correr
cantar
cantaderas
Jiuhlar
habladeras, etc.
The mixture
nouns
may vary
of suffixes
and their use
is
unlimited.
The verbal
meaning, of course, with the suffix used, but not
Hahlar lias habladeras (= loud or quick talk), hahlatorios
always.
in
(=: confidential or long éloquent talk), habJados (ugly or boisterous
Jugar has jugada (play or
talk).
persistent playing
games or
trick) jugaderas
or gambling), jngatorios
(amusing and
(loving or love
making
(romping or frolicsome play),
conversations), jugueteos
etc.,
also jugutoneos, jugueteaderas, etc.
§ 171. The past. part, of cocer appears in N. M. S. as a substantive in the form cueclio, the regular past. part, of the verb being
cocido.
This substantive
is
not a
common
form, but appears only in
the following proverb in ryme:
Bonde hay
cuecho
—
hag
derecJio.
This form cuecho is derived, in my opinion, from côctu, which
ch.
That
adds another case to the diphthongization of ô before et
the case in question is a real old Spanish diphthongization is clear
>
from the ryme. Cocho < côctu is of course well known, e. g. Berceo
Duelo 59d. Just as coctu gives cuecho or cocho, so dôctu could give
duecho by the side of docho or duchoA
1
Pietsch, however (Mod.
Phil. July 1909),
shows that duecho can be also
derived from ductu.
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Studies in
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Mexican Spanish
171
II.
Contents.
Part
§§1-2
Introdiiction
Chapter
Morphology.
m.
Definite Articles
.
Indefinite Article
.
.
.
Démonstrative Pronouns §§ 58-69
Table
3-6
7-13
Loss of
The
with the indefinite article 11-12
1.
Nouns and Adjectives 14-39
Nouns
a) Gender
b) Plural formation
II.
Adjectives
.
.
.
tata,
....
formations
.
.
Interrogative Pronouns
.
67
68
.
70-73
forms
29-31
....
32-36
smora
33
nana, etc
.
a) Cardinals
ciento, dent, etc.
.
71
.
Quiens
72
...
Ordinals
73
V. Indefinite Pronouns
a) Substantives
.
.
.
74
75
tives
Developments
of todo,
77
35
todito, etc
36
mesmo, mismo
....
I.
III.
Cualesquiera
80
37-38
New
82
forms
38
39
....
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Table
of personal
Chapter IV. Particles
.
40-48
41
Developments of me,
los
II.
.
le, te
(= nos)
83-102
ei,
e (<<
.
a)
.
.
.
Adjectives
cuasi, rieso, ora, etc.
prépositions
New
46
49-57
Si,
II.
Table of Possessive Pro-
nouns
mi
Modifications of
Changes of
b)
su,
tu
.
.
.
.
Substantives
Table
forms
of the
.
.
tûo, sûo
miô, miâ, etc
miyOf miya,
etc.
...
forms, archaic forms
No
Conjunctions
y, 0,
50
anque, onque,
.
89
90
.
.
92-99
91
Prépositions
58
54
55
â
57
Double forms
de
desde
85
86
87
etc.
Quisque
III.
84
88
ni
51
83
88-91
u
49
53-57
.
<
mu, farre
TAN + re, etc.
Adverbs combined with
42-44
49-52
83-87
usina, ansi, antonses, logo,
45
ella)
Possessive Pronouns
eya, ea,
40-82
pronouns
.
78
37-39
Adverbs
Chapter
74-82
b) Substantives or adjec-
34
etc
titles of address
70
Relatives
.....
V. Numerals
b)'
IV.
adjectives of
31
iiô,
English
New
27
28
Adress
of
65
Prosthetic and paragogic
D'on, dona, senor,
mano,
Neuter forms
14-21
61
66-69
b) Substantives
25-26
Inflection
Titles
.
....
English source
IV.
.
The forms
fôrms
Nouns and
.
.
25-28
Comparison
m.
62
vowel
ESOS
.
.......
Analogical forms
New
61
initial syllable
14-24
22-24
59
.
final
<
Es
II.
....
forms
of
Loss of initial e
Corabination of prépositions
Chapter
58-65
a) Adjectives
3-13
Articles
I.
The
IL The
I.
II,
.
93
=
94
dende, etc.
.
.
.
BDD-A22847 © 1913 Société Internationale de Dialectologie Romane
Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 88.99.165.207 (2017-06-12 07:15:56 UTC)
95
98
172
A. M. Espinosa, Studies in
New
Mexican Spanish H.
BDD-A22847 © 1913 Société Internationale de Dialectologie Romane
Provided by Diacronia.ro for IP 88.99.165.207 (2017-06-12 07:15:56 UTC)
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