Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The United States During the 1920’s Popular Culture reflected the prosperity of the era. The 1920’s, also called the “Roaring 20’s,” was characterized by economic prosperity and a break from traditional values and new cultural trends. Impact of Society in the 1920’s Prohibition: Prohibition in the United States, also known as The Noble Experiment, was the period from 1919 to 1933, during which the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol were banned nationally as mandated in the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Pressure from the Temperance Movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment (1919). The Volstead Act was passed to help define and carry out the 18th Amendment. It defined what was to be considered intoxicating as well as penalties for producing it. Prohibition would lead to organized crime (Al Capone). Bootlegging (illegal production) and smuggling of alcohol would occur. People would obtain alcohol at places called speakeasies. Due to its unpopularity, the 18th Amendment was repealed with the 21st Amendment in 1933. Changes in Family Structure: Because of child labor laws, children were no longer seen as laborers or earners. Children’s’ new role was to attend school and women ran the household. Darwin’s Theory and the Scopes Trial challenged traditional religion. According to Darwin’s Theory, all men evolved from a common animal and thus challenged the religious theory of Creationism. The Scope’s Monkey Trial prevented the teaching of evolution in any state funded school system. The 1920s and 1930s were important decades for mass media, American art, literature, and music. Like today, newspapers and magazines shaped cultural norms and sparked fads. Mass media began to take off in the 1920’s. With the invention of the motion picture, the movie industry took off. Media gave rise to big names such as Charlie Chaplin (pictured). Sports also became popular, giving rise to names such as Babe Ruth (pictured). The Role of Women: Women began to break away from traditional roles in the 1920’s. Women gained the right to vote in 1920 with the passage of the 19th Amendment. The term “Flapper” was used to refer to the new, non traditional women. The rise of the new Ku Klux Klan (KKK) came about in the 1920’s. They began targeting African Americans, Jews and immigrants and were representative of what we know of as today’s KKK. African Americans Marcus Garvey was a prominent black leader of the day. Garvey was a publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, Black Nationalist, and orator. His goal (Garveyism) was to empower African individuals through attaining a sense of self-worth, as well as the unification of the African people worldwide. Great Migration North: Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying, they also faced discrimination and violence in the South. African Americans moved to the Northeast, Midwest, and West in search of better employment opportunities and to escape the South. Harlem Renaissance: African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. Jacob Lawrence: Painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art. Langston Hughes (Pictured Left): Poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots. Jazz Age: Slang term for the 1920’s because of the popular form of music. The Harlem Renaissance gave rise to names such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong (pictured), Bessie Smith (blues singer) Ella Fitzgerald (Jazz Singer, pictured) Popularity of these artists spread to the rest of society and eventually evolved into some of our modern day music. The Great Depression The United States emerged from World War I as a global power. The stock market boom and optimism of the 1920’s were generated by investments made with borrowed money. When businesses failed, the stocks lost their value, prices fell, production slowed, banks collapsed, and unemployment became widespread. Causes of the Stock Market Crash in 1929 1) Businesses were booming, but investments were made with borrowed money. This is called over speculation. 2) There was an excessive expansion of credit. 3) Business failures led to bankruptcies. 4) Bank deposits were invested in the market 5) When the market collapsed, the banks had no money. As a consequence, clients panicked, attempting to withdraw their money from the banks, but there was nothing to give them. After that, there were no new investments. Causes of the Great Depression: 1) Over speculation on stocks using borrowed money that could not be repaid when the stock market crashed in 1929 and stock prices collapsed. Buying on Margin is when people purchase stocks or bonds with borrowed money or on credit. 2) The Federal Reserve Act was passed in 1913 that created a national banking system of twelve Federal Reserve banks. The Federal Reserve’s failure to prevent widespread collapse of the nation’s banking system in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s, leading to severe contraction of the nations supply of money in circulation. 3) The Dust Bowl (pictured) and drought in the Mid West made it difficult for farms. Many farmers lost their farms and moved west, they were often referred to as “Okies.” 4) High protective tariffs in other countries strangling world trade (Tariff Act of 1930 called the Hawley-Smoot Act). I should have listened to Mr. Goodson and stayed in school! Impacts of the Great Depression: 1) Unemployment and homelessness 2) Collapse of financial system (banks closing) 3) Demand for goods declined. 4) Political unrest (growing militancy of labor unions) 5) Farm foreclosures and migrations 6) Bankruptcy was on the rise, which is to go out of business because of the lack of financial resources. A Hooverville was the popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. They were named after the President of the United States at the time, Herbert Hoover, because he allegedly let the nation slide into depression. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was elected in 1932. During the Great Depression, FDR used radio broadcasts called the Fireside Chats to inform the public about the state of the nation. Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation on which one in four workers was unemployed. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Program: The New Deal permanently altered the role of American government in the economy. It also fostered changes in people’s attitudes toward government’s responsibilities. Organized labor acquired new rights, as the New Deal set in place legislation that reshaped modern American capitalism. The New Deal was designed to create programs for relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression. This program changed the role of the government to a more active participant on solving problems. The legacy of the New Deal influenced the public’s belief in the responsibility of government to deliver public services, to intervene in the economy, and to act in ways that promote the general welfare. 1) Relief measures provided direct payment to people for immediate help (WPA – Works Progress Administration). 2) Recovery programs were designed to bring the nation out of depression over time (AAA- Agricultural Adjustment Administration). 3) Reform measures corrected unsound banking and investment practices (FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation). 4) Social Security Act was passed in 1935 that created a system to provide old-age insurance and unemployment compensation, which were safeguards for workers.