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Science vocab words – can be used to make flashcards. Variables – things that can change in an experiment Independent variable – the one part of an an experiment which is changed/different on purpose in an experiment Is recorded in the first column on a data table Goes on the x-axis on a graph Dependent variable – the one thing that is measured/recorded at the end of an experiment Is listed in the 2nd column on a data table goes on the y axis on a graph Controlled variables – the many parts of an experiment that must remain the same in order to have a valid experiment Valid experiment – an experiment in which one variable is changed, one variable is recorded and all other things remain the same Hypothesis: An educated guess as to what you think will happen. Written in the IF…..(change)….THEN……(results) format… ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Solids: state of matter with a definite size and shape Liquid: state of matter with a definite size but no definite shape Gas: state of matter with no definite size or shape Matter: has a mass and volume Volume: takes up space Mass—amount of “stuff” an object ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Elements –PURE—made of only one kind of atom/lego Compounds – made of 2 different atoms combined together (2 different colors of legos connected) Mixture – made of different substances which are not connected (different colors of legos not connected) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Triple beam balance – measures mass of an object Unit used: grams Ruler -- used to measure length Unit used: cm for big items - centimeters Mm for small items – millimeters Length – distance between 2 points Volume – amount of space an object occupies Measured with the graduated cylinder Unit used: mL Graduated cylinder – measures volume in mL (for liquids) Density Amount of matter in a given space Units used g/ml OR g/cc Formula for density Mass/volume OR mass divided by volume --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Metals – left side of periodic table Shiny – conductors – high density – melt at high temperatures – corrode/rust— ductile/malleable NONMETALS – right side of periodic table Dull – poor conductors – low density – melt at low temperatures – brittle/break easily METALLOIDS – located on staircase on periodic table Have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals – shiny OR dull – shape changes easily – are conductors but not as good as metals Malleable – ability to be hammered into a thin sheet (aluminum) Ductile – ability to be stretched into a thin wire. (copper) Conductor – lets electricity/heat flow thru Insulator – stops the flow of heat/electricity Shiny luster – reflects a lot of light from the surface Dull luster – reflects little light from the surface BRITTLE—breaks and shatter easily High melting point – requires high temperatures to melt Low melting point – requires a low temperature before it will melt Physical Properties – characteristics easily observed with your five senses and without changing the identity of a substance Examples: Conductivity; malleability; melting point; state of matter; color; size; shape; mass; volume; length; density -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chemical properties – characteristics only seen when 2 different substances react and cause a change in the identities of the original substances Examples: reactivity with oxygen, air, water; flammability Physical Change: any change in the appearance of a substance – start with substance Y and end with substance Y but it’s appearance has changed – change in the physical properties of a substance Indicators of a physical change: change in size; change in shape; change in state of matter; Chemical indicators of a chemical change: unexpected change in color; formation of a precipitate; unexpected release of heat/cold; formation of an unexpected gas (bubbling) Precipitate: New solid substance formed when 2 liquids react and chemically form a new solid -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Crust – outer most layer of the Earth Continental crust – thicker crust – made of granite Oceanic Crust – thinner crust – made of basalt Mantle – Middle layer—Largest layer –made of magnesium; silicon, oxygen; not a solid; not a liquid; plastic-like; thick and gooey Inner core – solid layer made of iron and nickel Outer core – liquid layer made of iron and nickel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alfred Wegener – scientist who came up with the idea of Pangaea Pangaea – supercontinent that existed millions of years ago when all land masses were joined together Convergent Boundary – created when compression forces 2 plates into each other resulting in uplift(mountains) OR subduction (one plate forced under the other causing volcanoes or trenches) Divergent Boundary – created when tension pulls plates apart causing magma to rise and create new sea floor or stretches land thin causing a rift valley Transform Boundary – created when shearing causes plates to slide past each other causing rocks to break, resulting in earthquakes Plate Tectonics – theory that says the crust is broken into plates and the plates move on top of the mantle due to convection currents ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Organic – living Inorganic – Nonliving MINERAL – any solid, occurring naturally with a crystal structure and definite chemical composition and made from a geologic source How can minerals form? 1. From molten rock (magma or lava) cooling 2. from solution evaporating leaving behind molecules which crystallize 3. from metamorphism Metamorphism – means to change from one thing to another Magma – molten rock remaining below the surface Lava – molten rock which makes it way to Earth’s surface What is Streak? The color of a powder created by rubbing the mineral on a streak plate Hardness – ability of the mineral to resist scratching by known objects Crystal structure – arrangement of organized and repeating atoms joined together in a mineral Moh’s Hardness Scale – an accepted scale that state the hardness of key minerals which are tested using items such as fingernail, nail, glass and penny Goes from 1-10 Softest mineral on Moh’s hardness - hardness of 1-- talc Hardest mineral on Moh’s hardness -- hardness of 10 -- diamond ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cementation – process of nature using a natural glue to make sediments stick together Compaction – when layers of rock squeeze on rock layers underneath them squeezing out excess water Deposition – when sediments are left behind in new places Erosion – process of sediments moving from one place to another such as by wind or water Extrusive Igneous rock – rock formed from the fast cooling of lava with very small or no mineral grains evident Foliated – metamorphic rock with bands of crystals Igneous rock – formed from the cooling of lava or magma Lava – hot molten rock on the Earth’s surface Magma – hot molten rock under the Earth’s surface Intrusive Igneous Rock – rock formed from the slow cooling of magma under the Earth’s surface with large mineral grains present Lithification – all the steps involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks – rocks formed from heat and pressure Nonfoliated – metamorphic rock with no evidence of bands of mineral grains or crystals Rocks – may be inorganic (nonliving) or organic (made from once living things); can be made from other rocks or minerals OR dead plants and animals Sediments – small pieces of rocks Sedimentary rock – rocks from when small pieces of rocks get cemented together Weathering – process of breaking apart rocks in to smaller pieces Rock Cycle – steps involved in constantly changing rocks from one type of rock to another -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------