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Flashcards What is biology? What are the 7 Properties associated with life? What does “order” have to do with life? What does reproduction mean? What controls the pattern of Growth and Development What is an example of energy processing? What is meant by “response to the environment? What is meant by “regulation”? What is meant by Evolutionary adaptation? What are the two ways to study biology? What is the vertical dimension of biology? What is the horizontal dimension of biology? What is a biosphere? What is included in a biosphere? What is an ecosystem? What would be found in an ecosystem? What is an example of an ecosystem? What is a community? List some things found in a community of a forest Two cardinals in a tree, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest, four squirrels, and trillions of bacteria. Together, what do all of these organisms represent? What is a population? the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment 1) Order 2) Reproduction 3) Growth and development 4) Energy processing 5) Response to the environment 6) Regulation 7) Evolutionary adaptation Organisms have highly ordered structures. Living cells are the basis of this organization. Organisms reproduce their own kind Inherited information in the form of DNA A bear will use the chemical energy stored in the fish it ate to power its own activities and chemical reactions All organisms respond to environmental stimuli Many types of mechanisms regulate an organism’s internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life. Adaptations like camouflage evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environment have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. The vertical dimension and the horizontal dimension. Studying biology based on size from largest (the biosphere) to smallest (non-living molecules). Studying biology across the great diversity of species, learning about classification of organisms. all the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life land and water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers; it also includes the atmosphere all living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light Forests, coral reefs All of the living organisms within a particular ecosystem. It can also be called the set of populations that inhabit a particular area. all species of trees, plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that live there A community all the individuals of a species living within the Flashcards What populations might be found in a forest? What is an organism? What is an organ? What is an organ system? Give an example of an organ system and list the organs in that system What is a tissue? List some human tissues List two plant tissues What is the fundamental unit of structure and function of each organism? What are two types of organisms, classified by the number of their cells? How do the cells function in a unicellular organism? How do the cells function in a multicellular organism? Name three specialized cells in humans What is an organelle? Give an example of an organelle What is a molecule? What is an organic molecule? Give an example of an organic plant molecule Give an example of an organic animal molecule What is an inorganic molecule? Give 2 examples Make a sequence that illustrates that Life’s hierarchy increases in complexity What is meant by “Ecosystem dynamics”? Give an example of an ecosystem dynamic that involves a tree bounds of a specified area a population of sugar maple trees, and a population of American black bears an individual living thing a body part consisting of two or more tissues a group of organs which cooperate in a specific function Digestive system (stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas) Nervous system (brain, nerve cells) a group of similar cells which perform the same function epidermis (skin), muscle, and bones Leaves have one type of tissue on their surface which contains pores to allow carbon dioxide to reach the interior of the leaf. They have another type of tissue within the leaf, which is the area where of photosynthesis occurs. The Cell Unicellular and multicellular Each cell performs all the functions of life There is a division of labor among specialized cells nerve cell (neuron) muscle cell (myofibril) bone cell (osteocyte) a miniature organ within a single cell Nucleus, chloroplast a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms One that contains carbon, like sugar Chlorophyll carbohydrates, proteins, and fats One that does not contain carbon, like salt and water Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem Each organism interacts continuously with its environment, which includes other organisms as well as nonliving factors The roots of a tree absorb water and minerals from the soil. The leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air. Solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives photosynthesis, which converts water and carbon dioxide to sugar and oxygen. The tree releases oxygen to the air, and its roots help form soil by breaking up rocks. The tree also interacts with other of life, Flashcards Each organism interacts continuously with what? What is included in an organism’s environment? The dynamics of any ecosystem include what two major processes? Give an example of the cycling of nutrients Show the flow of energy of an ecosystem What are producers? What are consumers? Moving, growing, reproducing, and other activities of life require organisms to perform what? What does work depend on? The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings often involves what? Give an example of transformation of energy During the course of these conversions of one energy form to another, what happens? What is the difference between chemical nutrients and energy? How does energy flow through an ecosystem? What is the ultimate source of energy flowing into nearly all ecosystems? What is the ultimate source of energy flowing out of nearly all ecosystems? What is a cell? What are chromosomes made of? What are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring? What is one example of a physical trait that is coded for by a gene? What directs development and maintenance of the entire organism? How does it do that (above)? What are nucleotides? including soil microorganisms and animals that eat its leaves and fruit. Its environment Other organisms and nonliving factors. 1) The cycling of nutrients 2) The flow of energy Minerals acquired by plants will eventually be returned to the soil by microorganisms that decompose dead leaves, roots, and fruit. sunlight producers consumers. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy. Organisms, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers. Work A source of energy The transformation of one form of energy to another. When a leaf produces sugar, it converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar molecules. When an animal’s muscle cells use sugar as fuel to power movements, they convert chemical energy in the form of sugar to kinetic energy (the energy of motion). Thermal energy is dissipated to the environment in the form of heat. Chemical nutrients recycle within an ecosystem, while energy flows through it. It enters as light and exits as heat. Sunlight. Heat The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. DNA Genes on the DNA Hair color DNA Within the genes are molecules that encode the information for building the entire body. The building blocks of DNA, like beads on a necklace Flashcards What are the abbreviations for the 4 types of nucleotides? Most genes program the cell’s production of what? Each gene codes for what? Give some examples of proteins in the body What provides the hereditary blueprint for proteins? What are the tools that actually build and maintain the cell? What is the part of biology dedicated to naming, describing, and classifying species? What are the three taxonomical Domains? What are bacteria and Achaea? What are prokaryotes? What are eukaryotes? Classify humans from Domain to species. Which taxonomy terms are either italicized or underlined? What are three differences between an animal and a plant? What are born with a placenta and produce milk for their offspring? What is distinguished for having opposable thumbs? What are some other features of primates? A, T, G, C Proteins A different protein which has a unique shape and function in the cell. Muscles, antibodies, hair, nails, organs DNA Proteins Taxonomy Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota Both are prokaryotes and are single celled microorganisms; Archaea are the oldest, and can survive extreme conditions. “Before a nucleus” evolved. Organisms whose cells have an enclosed nucleus Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens (Memory Aid: Dashing King Phillip Came Over From Greece, Singing) Genus and species only 1. An animal can move from one place to another. 2. An animal does not get their food from sunlight. 3. An animal has a fixed body structure. Mammals Primates 1) Good depth perception because the eyes are in front of the head. 2) Gestation (length of pregnancy) is lengthy. 3) One birth at a time is the norm. 4) Juvenile period of dependency is long. 5) There is an emphasis on learned behavior and complex social interactions. Humans and apes are in what taxonomical Order? Primates List the four types of modern apes. Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees What 4 specific traits distinguish humans from modern Walking upright, dental features, shape of face, and apes? brain size Flashcards What taxonomical Family makes use of symbolic language (writing) and walking on two legs? What is the only genus and species of hominids living today? What does the Latin term Homo sapiens mean? Match the following terms to their description: Animals Mammals Primates Hominids Homo Sapiens Match the following taxonomy terms for a human Kingdom: Order Family Genus Species What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Kingdom classification? What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Order classification? What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Family classification? What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Genus classification? What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Species classification? Darwin’s book, The Origin of Species by Natural Selection made which two points? What does “Descent with modification” mean? What evidence is presented for Descent with modification? What does the above evidence suggest? What was Darwin’s proposed mechanism for evolution? What were the two observations that Darwin made when he came up with the idea of Natural Selection? Hominids Homo sapiens “wise or rational man” A. walk on two legs, make use of symbolic language (writing) B. can move from one place to another, body structure is fixed C. born with a placenta and produce milk for the offspring D. wise or rational man E. opposable thumb, long gestation, learned behavior A. Homo B. Primate C. Animal D. sapiens E. Hominid Animal Primate Hominid Homo Sapiens 1) Descent with modification 2) Natural selection Modern species arise from a common ancestor (evolution) the arms of a bat, human, horse’s forelegs, and whale flippers all contain the same skeletal architecture Indicates the inheritance of that structure from a common ancestor, the diversity of the forelimbs having been modified by natural selection operating over millions of generations in different environmental conditions. Natural Selection 1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring. Flashcards 2) A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support. From the above two observations, what did Darwin infer? Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than others. What is the result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations? What is the result of natural selection? What is evolutionary adaptation? A higher and higher proportion of individuals will have the best traits for survival. evolutionary adaptation The accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time. What is the definition of Natural Selection? The natural environment selects for the propagation of certain traits. In an area where the soil has been blackened by a recent brush fire and a population of beetles there are either white or gray; a predator bird can easily pick out the white ones, so they are eliminated from the population. The survivors reproduce, carrying on their genetic coloration, enhancing the survival and reproductive success of the dark-colored bugs. To know 1) Discovery science 2) Hypothesis-based science Mostly about describing nature Mostly about explaining nature Describes natural structures and process through careful observation and analysis of data. gradually built our understanding of cell structure, and it is currently expanding our understanding of genetics the use of senses to gather information, sometimes with the help of tools such as microscopes that extend our stances Data Qualitative and Quantitative recorded descriptions measurements in numbers starts with an observation that leads to a question about the cause or explanation for the observation A tentative answer to some question. For example, you notice that over the past month, many students have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself, maybe the bookstore recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This prediction is an example of a hypothesis. What is an example of natural selection? What does the word “science” mean? What are the two main processes of scientific inquiry? What is discovery science? What is hypothesis-based science? How does discovery science work? What has discovery science done for us? What is observation in discovery science? What are recorded observations called? What are the two types of data? What is qualitative data? What is quantitative data? How does hypothesis-based science begin? What is a hypothesis? Give an example Flashcards How do you test a hypothesis? What are the steps in hypothesis-based science? What are the two important qualities of scientific hypotheses? What does testable mean? What does falsifiable mean? How can a hypothesis become scientifically valid? What is the meaning of a “control” component in an experiment? What is the role of a control in an experiment? How many factors will differ in an ideal experiment between the experimental and control groups? In the experiment with artificial snakes, what was the control group? What was the experimental group? A hypothesis can be tested by designing an experiment 1) Make an observation 2) Ask a question 3) Form a hypothesis 4) Test each hypothesis with an experiment. 5) See if the hypothesis was validated or falsified. A hypothesis must be testable A hypothesis must be falsifiable There must be some way to check out the validity of the idea. there must be some experiment that could reveal it such an idea is actually not true A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. Two experiments are conducted, one differing from the other by only a single variable. To provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group. Only one The brown snakes The colored snakes