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What is biology?
What are the 7 Properties associated with life?
What does “order” have to do with life?
What does reproduction mean?
What controls the pattern of Growth and Development
What is an example of energy processing?
What is meant by “response to the environment?
What is meant by “regulation”?
What is meant by Evolutionary adaptation?
What are the two ways to study biology?
What is the vertical dimension of biology?
What is the horizontal dimension of biology?
What is a biosphere?
What is included in a biosphere?
What is an ecosystem?
What would be found in an ecosystem?
What is an example of an ecosystem?
What is a community?
List some things found in a community of a forest
Two cardinals in a tree, a colony of ants, a wasp's nest,
four squirrels, and trillions of bacteria. Together, what
do all of these organisms represent?
What is a population?
the study of living organisms and their interactions
with the environment
1) Order
2) Reproduction
3) Growth and development
4) Energy processing
5) Response to the environment
6) Regulation
7) Evolutionary adaptation
Organisms have highly ordered structures. Living cells
are the basis of this organization.
Organisms reproduce their own kind
Inherited information in the form of DNA
A bear will use the chemical energy stored in the fish
it ate to power its own activities and chemical
reactions
All organisms respond to environmental stimuli
Many types of mechanisms regulate an organism’s
internal environment, keeping it within limits that
sustain life.
Adaptations like camouflage evolve over many
generations as individuals with traits best suited to
their environment have greater reproductive success
and pass their traits to offspring.
The vertical dimension and the horizontal dimension.
Studying biology based on size from largest (the
biosphere) to smallest (non-living molecules).
Studying biology across the great diversity of species,
learning about classification of organisms.
all the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life
land and water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers; it also
includes the atmosphere
all living things in a particular area, along with all the
nonliving components of the environment with which
life interacts
soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light
Forests, coral reefs
All of the living organisms within a particular
ecosystem. It can also be called the set of populations
that inhabit a particular area.
all species of trees, plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria
that live there
A community
all the individuals of a species living within the
Flashcards
What populations might be found in a forest?
What is an organism?
What is an organ?
What is an organ system?
Give an example of an organ system and list the
organs in that system
What is a tissue?
List some human tissues
List two plant tissues
What is the fundamental unit of structure and function
of each organism?
What are two types of organisms, classified by the
number of their cells?
How do the cells function in a unicellular organism?
How do the cells function in a multicellular organism?
Name three specialized cells in humans
What is an organelle?
Give an example of an organelle
What is a molecule?
What is an organic molecule?
Give an example of an organic plant molecule
Give an example of an organic animal molecule
What is an inorganic molecule? Give 2 examples
Make a sequence that illustrates that Life’s hierarchy
increases in complexity
What is meant by “Ecosystem dynamics”?
Give an example of an ecosystem dynamic that
involves a tree
bounds of a specified area
a population of sugar maple trees, and a population of
American black bears
an individual living thing
a body part consisting of two or more tissues
a group of organs which cooperate in a specific
function
Digestive system (stomach, intestines, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas)
Nervous system (brain, nerve cells)
a group of similar cells which perform the same
function
epidermis (skin), muscle, and bones
Leaves have one type of tissue on their surface which
contains pores to allow carbon dioxide to reach the
interior of the leaf. They have another type of tissue
within the leaf, which is the area where of
photosynthesis occurs.
The Cell
Unicellular and multicellular
Each cell performs all the functions of life
There is a division of labor among specialized cells
nerve cell (neuron)
muscle cell (myofibril)
bone cell (osteocyte)
a miniature organ within a single cell
Nucleus, chloroplast
a chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms
One that contains carbon, like sugar
Chlorophyll
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
One that does not contain carbon, like salt and water
Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism,
population, community, ecosystem
Each organism interacts continuously with its
environment, which includes other organisms as well
as nonliving factors
The roots of a tree absorb water and minerals from the
soil. The leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air.
Solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll drives
photosynthesis, which converts water and carbon
dioxide to sugar and oxygen. The tree releases oxygen
to the air, and its roots help form soil by breaking up
rocks. The tree also interacts with other of life,
Flashcards
Each organism interacts continuously with what?
What is included in an organism’s environment?
The dynamics of any ecosystem include what two
major processes?
Give an example of the cycling of nutrients
Show the flow of energy of an ecosystem
What are producers?
What are consumers?
Moving, growing, reproducing, and other activities of
life require organisms to perform what?
What does work depend on?
The exchange of energy between an organism and its
surroundings often involves what?
Give an example of transformation of energy
During the course of these conversions of one energy
form to another, what happens?
What is the difference between chemical nutrients and
energy?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
What is the ultimate source of energy flowing into
nearly all ecosystems?
What is the ultimate source of energy flowing out of
nearly all ecosystems?
What is a cell?
What are chromosomes made of?
What are the units of inheritance that transmit
information from parents to offspring?
What is one example of a physical trait that is coded
for by a gene?
What directs development and maintenance of the
entire organism?
How does it do that (above)?
What are nucleotides?
including soil microorganisms and animals that eat its
leaves and fruit.
Its environment
Other organisms and nonliving factors.
1) The cycling of nutrients
2) The flow of energy
Minerals acquired by plants will eventually be
returned to the soil by microorganisms that decompose
dead leaves, roots, and fruit.
sunlight  producers  consumers.
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert
light energy to chemical energy.
Organisms, such as animals, that feed on producers
and other consumers.
Work
A source of energy
The transformation of one form of energy to another.
When a leaf produces sugar, it converts solar energy to
chemical energy in the form of sugar molecules.
When an animal’s muscle cells use sugar as fuel to
power movements, they convert chemical energy in
the form of sugar to kinetic energy (the energy of
motion).
Thermal energy is dissipated to the environment in the
form of heat.
Chemical nutrients recycle within an ecosystem, while
energy flows through it.
It enters as light and exits as heat.
Sunlight.
Heat
The lowest level of organization that can perform all
activities required for life.
DNA
Genes on the DNA
Hair color
DNA
Within the genes are molecules that encode the
information for building the entire body.
The building blocks of DNA, like beads on a necklace
Flashcards
What are the abbreviations for the 4 types of
nucleotides?
Most genes program the cell’s production of what?
Each gene codes for what?
Give some examples of proteins in the body
What provides the hereditary blueprint for proteins?
What are the tools that actually build and maintain the
cell?
What is the part of biology dedicated to naming,
describing, and classifying species?
What are the three taxonomical Domains?
What are bacteria and Achaea?
What are prokaryotes?
What are eukaryotes?
Classify humans from Domain to species.
Which taxonomy terms are either italicized or
underlined?
What are three differences between an animal and a
plant?
What are born with a placenta and produce milk for
their offspring?
What is distinguished for having opposable thumbs?
What are some other features of primates?
A, T, G, C
Proteins
A different protein which has a unique shape and
function in the cell.
Muscles, antibodies, hair, nails, organs
DNA
Proteins
Taxonomy
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
Both are prokaryotes and are single celled microorganisms; Archaea are the oldest, and can survive
extreme conditions.
“Before a nucleus” evolved.
Organisms whose cells have an enclosed nucleus
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
(Memory Aid: Dashing King Phillip Came Over
From Greece, Singing)
Genus and species only
1. An animal can move from one place to another.
2. An animal does not get their food from sunlight.
3. An animal has a fixed body structure.
Mammals
Primates
1) Good depth perception because the eyes are in
front of the head.
2) Gestation (length of pregnancy) is lengthy.
3) One birth at a time is the norm.
4) Juvenile period of dependency is long.
5) There is an emphasis on learned behavior and
complex social interactions.
Humans and apes are in what taxonomical Order?
Primates
List the four types of modern apes.
Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees
What 4 specific traits distinguish humans from modern Walking upright, dental features, shape of face, and
apes?
brain size
Flashcards
What taxonomical Family makes use of symbolic
language (writing) and walking on two legs?
What is the only genus and species of hominids living
today?
What does the Latin term Homo sapiens mean?
Match the following terms to their description:
Animals
Mammals
Primates
Hominids
Homo Sapiens
Match the following taxonomy terms for a human
Kingdom:
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the taxonomy term for the human in the
Kingdom classification?
What is the taxonomy term for the human in the Order
classification?
What is the taxonomy term for the human in the
Family classification?
What is the taxonomy term for the human in the
Genus classification?
What is the taxonomy term for the human in the
Species classification?
Darwin’s book, The Origin of Species by Natural
Selection made which two points?
What does “Descent with modification” mean?
What evidence is presented for Descent with
modification?
What does the above evidence suggest?
What was Darwin’s proposed mechanism for
evolution?
What were the two observations that Darwin made
when he came up with the idea of Natural Selection?
Hominids
Homo sapiens
“wise or rational man”
A. walk on two legs, make use of symbolic language
(writing)
B. can move from one place to another, body structure
is fixed
C. born with a placenta and produce milk for the
offspring
D. wise or rational man
E. opposable thumb, long gestation, learned behavior
A. Homo
B. Primate
C. Animal
D. sapiens
E. Hominid
Animal
Primate
Hominid
Homo
Sapiens
1) Descent with modification
2) Natural selection
Modern species arise from a common ancestor
(evolution)
the arms of a bat, human, horse’s forelegs, and whale
flippers all contain the same skeletal architecture
Indicates the inheritance of that structure from a
common ancestor, the diversity of the forelimbs
having been modified by natural selection operating
over millions of generations in different environmental
conditions.
Natural Selection
1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits,
many of which are passed on from parents to
offspring.
Flashcards
2) A population can produce far more offspring than
the environment can support.
From the above two observations, what did Darwin
infer?
Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to
the environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce than others.
What is the result of this unequal reproductive success
over many generations?
What is the result of natural selection?
What is evolutionary adaptation?
A higher and higher proportion of individuals will
have the best traits for survival.
evolutionary adaptation
The accumulation of favorable traits in a population
over time.
What is the definition of Natural Selection?
The natural environment selects for the propagation of
certain traits.
In an area where the soil has been blackened by a
recent brush fire and a population of beetles there are
either white or gray; a predator bird can easily pick out
the white ones, so they are eliminated from the
population. The survivors reproduce, carrying on their
genetic coloration, enhancing the survival and
reproductive success of the dark-colored bugs.
To know
1) Discovery science
2) Hypothesis-based science
Mostly about describing nature
Mostly about explaining nature
Describes natural structures and process through
careful observation and analysis of data.
gradually built our understanding of cell structure, and
it is currently expanding our understanding of genetics
the use of senses to gather information, sometimes
with the help of tools such as microscopes that extend
our stances
Data
Qualitative and Quantitative
recorded descriptions
measurements in numbers
starts with an observation that leads to a question
about the cause or explanation for the observation
A tentative answer to some question. For example,
you notice that over the past month, many students
have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt.
You think to yourself, maybe the bookstore recently
started selling this new sweatshirt style. This
prediction is an example of a hypothesis.
What is an example of natural selection?
What does the word “science” mean?
What are the two main processes of scientific inquiry?
What is discovery science?
What is hypothesis-based science?
How does discovery science work?
What has discovery science done for us?
What is observation in discovery science?
What are recorded observations called?
What are the two types of data?
What is qualitative data?
What is quantitative data?
How does hypothesis-based science begin?
What is a hypothesis? Give an example
Flashcards
How do you test a hypothesis?
What are the steps in hypothesis-based science?
What are the two important qualities of scientific
hypotheses?
What does testable mean?
What does falsifiable mean?
How can a hypothesis become scientifically valid?
What is the meaning of a “control” component in an
experiment?
What is the role of a control in an experiment?
How many factors will differ in an ideal experiment
between the experimental and control groups?
In the experiment with artificial snakes, what was the
control group?
What was the experimental group?
A hypothesis can be tested by designing an experiment
1) Make an observation
2) Ask a question
3) Form a hypothesis
4) Test each hypothesis with an experiment.
5) See if the hypothesis was validated or falsified.
A hypothesis must be testable
A hypothesis must be falsifiable
There must be some way to check out the validity of
the idea.
there must be some experiment that could reveal it
such an idea is actually not true
A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.
Two experiments are conducted, one differing from
the other by only a single variable.
To provide a basis of comparison to the experimental
group.
Only one
The brown snakes
The colored snakes