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2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Myanmar Key indicators, 2012 GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012 Population (millions)......................................... 48.3 GDP (US$ billions)........................................... 53.1 GDP per capita (US$)....................................... 835 GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total............. 0.11 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Myanmar 1990 1992 1994 Developing Asia 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Global Competitiveness Index Stage of development RankScore (out of 148) (1–7) GCI 2013–2014..................................................... 139...... 3.2 Transition 1–2 1 GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144)..................................... n/a.......n/a GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142)..................................... n/a.......n/a 2 Factor driven Transition 2–3 3 Efficiency driven Innovation driven Basic requirements (60.0%)......................................135.......3.4 Institutions............................................................... 141.......2.8 Infrastructure........................................................... 141.......2.0 Macroeconomic environment.................................. 125.......3.7 Health and primary education.................................. 111.......5.1 Institutions 7 Innovation 6 5 Business sophistication Efficiency enhancers (35.0%)....................................140.......3.0 Higher education and training.................................. 139.......2.5 Goods market efficiency ......................................... 135.......3.6 Labor market efficiency............................................. 98.......4.1 Financial market development................................. 144.......2.4 Technological readiness........................................... 148.......2.0 Market size................................................................ 79.......3.6 Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment 4 3 2 Market size Health and primary education 1 Higher education and training Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%)............146.......2.6 Business sophistication .......................................... 146.......2.9 Innovation................................................................ 143.......2.2 Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Myanmar Factor-driven economies The most problematic factors for doing business Access to financing............................................................13.7 Policy instability..................................................................13.7 Corruption..........................................................................13.5 Inadequately educated workforce.......................................12.9 Inefficient government bureaucracy......................................7.9 Insufficient capacity to innovate............................................6.2 Poor work ethic in national labor force.................................6.2 Tax rates...............................................................................4.9 Inadequate supply of infrastructure.......................................4.7 Tax regulations.....................................................................4.7 Inflation.................................................................................3.4 Foreign currency regulations.................................................3.2 Government instability/coups...............................................2.4 Poor public health................................................................1.5 Restrictive labor regulations..................................................1.1 Crime and theft....................................................................0.1 0 5 10 15 Percent of responses Note: From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings. 288 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 © 2013 World Economic Forum 20 25 30 2.1: Country/Economy Profiles Myanmar The Global Competitiveness Index in detail INDICATOR ValueRANK/148 INDICATOR 1st pillar: Institutions ValueRANK/148 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.) 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Property rights........................................................ 2.5...........144 Intellectual property protection................................ 2.7...........126 Diversion of public funds......................................... 2.3...........128 Public trust in politicians.......................................... 3.1.............62 Irregular payments and bribes................................. 2.3...........145 Judicial independence............................................. 2.8...........113 Favoritism in decisions of government officials........ 2.2...........136 Wastefulness of government spending.................... 2.9.............90 Burden of government regulation............................ 2.7...........131 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes..... 2.6...........134 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs..... 2.2...........143 Transparency of government policymaking.............. 2.9...........143 Business costs of terrorism..................................... 2.7...........146 Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.0...........135 Organized crime...................................................... 2.9...........142 Reliability of police services..................................... 3.0...........125 Ethical behavior of firms.......................................... 3.3...........126 Strength of auditing and reporting standards.......... 2.3...........148 Efficacy of corporate boards................................... 4.4.............86 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests.......... 3.0...........140 Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)*........... n/a............n/a 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Quality of overall infrastructure................................ 2.1...........146 Quality of roads....................................................... 2.4...........138 Quality of railroad infrastructure............................... 1.8...........104 Quality of port infrastructure.................................... 2.6...........136 Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.2...........146 Available airline seat km/week, millions*................ 69.8.............94 Quality of electricity supply...................................... 2.9...........118 Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 11.2...........148 Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.*.............................. 1.1...........127 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 Government budget balance, % GDP*...................-5.3...........123 Gross national savings, % GDP*........................... 12.8...........113 Inflation, annual % change*..................................... 6.1...........104 General government debt, % GDP*...................... 47.5.............86 Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)*....................... 18.4...........138 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Business impact of malaria..................................... 4.4...........117 Malaria cases/100,000 pop.*........................... 3,155.0...........119 Business impact of tuberculosis.............................. 3.7...........135 Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.*...................... 381.0...........136 Business impact of HIV/AIDS.................................. 4.2...........121 HIV prevalence, % adult pop.*.............................. 0.60.............92 Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births*............... 47.9...........121 Life expectancy, years*.......................................... 65.2...........114 Quality of primary education.................................... 2.1...........143 Primary education enrollment, net %*................... 99.6...............9 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 Secondary education enrollment, gross %*........... 54.3...........115 Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.8...........103 Quality of the educational system............................ 2.7...........125 Quality of math and science education................... 2.7...........134 Quality of management schools.............................. 2.7...........141 Internet access in schools....................................... 2.2...........139 Availability of research and training services............ 2.9...........140 Extent of staff training............................................. 2.6...........146 2nd pillar: Infrastructure 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 No. procedures to start a business*........................ n/a............n/a No. days to start a business*.................................. n/a............n/a Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9.............69 Prevalence of trade barriers.................................... 4.0...........108 Trade tariffs, % duty*............................................... 3.9.............50 Prevalence of foreign ownership.............................. 3.2...........136 Business impact of rules on FDI.............................. 3.3...........132 Burden of customs procedures............................... 3.3...........127 Imports as a percentage of GDP*......................... 19.6...........142 Degree of customer orientation............................... 4.4.............86 Buyer sophistication................................................ 2.6...........132 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Cooperation in labor-employer relations.................. 3.6...........131 Flexibility of wage determination.............................. 5.6.............23 Hiring and firing practices........................................ 4.2.............41 Redundancy costs, weeks of salary*....................... n/a............n/a Effect of taxation on incentives to work................... 3.6.............73 Pay and productivity................................................ 3.7.............89 Reliance on professional management.................... 2.9...........141 Country capacity to retain talent.............................. 1.7...........148 Country capacity to attract talent............................ 2.4...........122 Women in labor force, ratio to men*...................... 0.93.............20 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 Availability of financial services................................ 2.9...........142 Affordability of financial services.............................. 3.0...........138 Financing through local equity market..................... 1.7...........147 Ease of access to loans.......................................... 1.5...........147 Venture capital availability........................................ 1.5...........148 Soundness of banks............................................... 3.4...........138 Regulation of securities exchanges......................... 2.0...........144 Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)*............................... n/a............n/a 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 Availability of latest technologies............................. 2.5...........148 Firm-level technology absorption............................. 2.7...........148 FDI and technology transfer.................................... 3.5...........138 Individuals using Internet, %*.................................. 1.1...........147 Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.*.... 0.0...........140 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user*................. 10.2.............94 Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0...........134 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*.................. 3.4.............70 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)*..................... 4.0.............94 GDP (PPP$ billions)*............................................. 89.5.............71 Exports as a percentage of GDP*......................... 19.1...........135 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Local supplier quantity............................................ 3.2...........146 Local supplier quality............................................... 3.0...........144 State of cluster development................................... 2.5...........146 Nature of competitive advantage............................. 2.1...........148 Value chain breadth................................................. 3.0...........131 Control of international distribution.......................... 3.3...........133 Production process sophistication........................... 2.3...........144 Extent of marketing................................................. 3.1...........133 Willingness to delegate authority............................. 3.3...........113 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 Capacity for innovation............................................ 2.7...........135 Quality of scientific research institutions.................. 2.2...........143 Company spending on R&D.................................... 2.2...........140 University-industry collaboration in R&D.................. 2.1...........147 Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products....... 2.2...........145 Availability of scientists and engineers..................... 3.1...........129 PCT patents, applications/million pop.*................... 0.0...........126 7th pillar: Labor market efficiency 8th pillar: Financial market development 3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment 4th pillar: Health and primary education 5th pillar: Higher education and training 6th pillar: Goods market efficiency 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 Intensity of local competition................................... 4.6.............97 Extent of market dominance................................... 2.4...........147 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy...................... 3.4...........124 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest.................. 3.6.............91 Total tax rate, % profits*.......................................... n/a............n/a 9th pillar: Technological readiness 10th pillar: Market size 11th pillar: Business sophistication 12th pillar: Innovation Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97. The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 289 © 2013 World Economic Forum