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2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
Key indicators, 2013
GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2013
Population (millions) ........................................ 64.9
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 56.4
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 869
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.13
Myanmar
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1990
1992
1994
Emerging and Developing Asia
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 144)
Stage of development
Score
(1–7)
GCI 2014–2015 .................................................... 134 ..... 3.2
Transition
1–2
1
GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ................................... 139 ......3.2
GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a
Factor
driven
Transition
2–3
2
3
Efficiency
driven
Innovation
driven
Institutions
Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................132 ......3.4
7
Innovation
Institutions .............................................................. 136 ......2.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 137 ......2.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 116 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................. 117 ......4.6
Infrastructure
6
5
Business
sophistication
Macroeconomic
environment
4
3
2
Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................134 ......3.1
Market size
Higher education and training ................................. 135 ......2.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 130 ......3.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 72 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 139 ......2.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 144 ......2.1
Market size ............................................................... 70 ......3.7
Health and
primary
education
1
Higher education
and training
Technological
readiness
Financial market
development
Goods market
efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........139 ......2.6
Business sophistication ......................................... 140 ......2.9
Innovation ............................................................... 138 ......2.3
Myanmar
Emerging and Developing Asia
The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................18.0
Corruption .........................................................................13.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................9.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.7
Policy instability ...................................................................8.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................6.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.8
Inflation ................................................................................4.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.8
Tax rates..............................................................................3.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
0
Note:
5
10
15
Percent of responses
From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
282 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015
© 2014 World Economic Forum
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2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
VALUE RANK/144
INDICATOR
1st pillar: Institutions
VALUE RANK/144
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
Property rights ....................................................... 2.7 ..........136
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........123
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........122
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............72
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.3 ..........139
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........117
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........127
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............78
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........112
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.7 ..........125
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.4 ..........128
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.9 ..........136
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.9 ..........136
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.1 ..........125
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.1 ..........136
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.9 ..........126
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........133
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.6 ..........140
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........114
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.8 ..........137
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.3 ..........140
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.3 ..........138
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.4 ..........134
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ............94
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........125
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.5 ..........137
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 91.6 ............86
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.8 ..........117
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 12.8 ..........144
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.0 ..........125
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
Government budget balance, % GDP*................. –4.9 ..........108
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 18.7 ............76
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.8 ..........105
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 42.7 ............71
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 10.7 ..........142
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 2,651.6 ............49
Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.5 ............43
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 377.0 ..........132
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.8 ..........134
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.6 ............92
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........117
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 41.1 ..........113
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 64.9 ..........112
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........137
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.4 ..........111
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 50.2 ..........122
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 13.8 ..........103
Quality of the education system ............................. 2.7 ..........129
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........129
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.6 ..........139
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.1 ..........137
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.9 ..........135
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.9 ..........138
2nd pillar: Infrastructure
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........128
No. days to start a business* ............................... 72.0 ..........136
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............46
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........114
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.9 ............49
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.1 ..........135
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........123
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.2 ..........125
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 18.0 ..........140
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............90
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........127
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........115
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............36
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............51
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.2 ............94
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............56
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............79
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.9 ..........137
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.7 ..........144
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........113
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............19
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
Availability of financial services ............................... 2.8 ..........139
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........136
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.9 ..........137
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.4 ..........144
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.6 ..........143
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.5 ..........131
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.2 ..........135
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ............96
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
Availability of latest technologies ............................ 2.7 ..........144
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 2.9 ..........144
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.5 ..........132
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.2 ..........143
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........122
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 26.2 ............73
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.0 ..........124
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.6 ............65
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............87
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 113.0 ............65
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 17.5 ..........133
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.2 ..........142
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.0 ..........139
State of cluster development.................................. 2.7 ..........139
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.4 ..........138
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........122
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........139
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.5 ..........136
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.0 ..........133
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........126
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........137
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.3 ..........136
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.2 ..........140
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........138
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.5 ..........139
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........131
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........124
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency
8th pillar: Financial market development
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment
4th pillar: Health and primary education
5th pillar: Higher education and training
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ..........100
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.4 ..........142
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.3 ..........129
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............55
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 48.9 ..........109
9th pillar: Technological readiness
10th pillar: Market size
11th pillar: Business sophistication
12th pillar: Innovation
Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read
the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 101.
© 2014 World Economic Forum
The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015 | 283