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2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
Key indicators, 2012
GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012
Population (millions)......................................... 48.3
GDP (US$ billions)........................................... 53.1
GDP per capita (US$)....................................... 835
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total............. 0.11
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Myanmar
1990
1992
1994
Developing Asia
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Global Competitiveness Index
Stage of development
RankScore
(out of 148)
(1–7)
GCI 2013–2014..................................................... 139...... 3.2
Transition
1–2
1
GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144)..................................... n/a.......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142)..................................... n/a.......n/a
2
Factor
driven
Transition
2­­–3
3
Efficiency
driven
Innovation
driven
Basic requirements (60.0%)......................................135.......3.4
Institutions............................................................... 141.......2.8
Infrastructure........................................................... 141.......2.0
Macroeconomic environment.................................. 125.......3.7
Health and primary education.................................. 111.......5.1
Institutions
7
Innovation
6
5
Business
sophistication
Efficiency enhancers (35.0%)....................................140.......3.0
Higher education and training.................................. 139.......2.5
Goods market efficiency ......................................... 135.......3.6
Labor market efficiency............................................. 98.......4.1
Financial market development................................. 144.......2.4
Technological readiness........................................... 148.......2.0
Market size................................................................ 79.......3.6
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic
environment
4
3
2
Market size
Health and
primary
education
1
Higher education
and training
Technological
readiness
Financial market
development
Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%)............146.......2.6
Business sophistication .......................................... 146.......2.9
Innovation................................................................ 143.......2.2
Goods market
efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Myanmar
Factor-driven economies
The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing............................................................13.7
Policy instability..................................................................13.7
Corruption..........................................................................13.5
Inadequately educated workforce.......................................12.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy......................................7.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate............................................6.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force.................................6.2
Tax rates...............................................................................4.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure.......................................4.7
Tax regulations.....................................................................4.7
Inflation.................................................................................3.4
Foreign currency regulations.................................................3.2
Government instability/coups...............................................2.4
Poor public health................................................................1.5
Restrictive labor regulations..................................................1.1
Crime and theft....................................................................0.1
0
5
10
15
Percent of responses
Note: From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
288 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014
© 2013 World Economic Forum
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2.1: Country/Economy Profiles
Myanmar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
ValueRANK/148
INDICATOR
1st pillar: Institutions
ValueRANK/148
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
Property rights........................................................ 2.5...........144
Intellectual property protection................................ 2.7...........126
Diversion of public funds......................................... 2.3...........128
Public trust in politicians.......................................... 3.1.............62
Irregular payments and bribes................................. 2.3...........145
Judicial independence............................................. 2.8...........113
Favoritism in decisions of government officials........ 2.2...........136
Wastefulness of government spending.................... 2.9.............90
Burden of government regulation............................ 2.7...........131
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes..... 2.6...........134
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs..... 2.2...........143
Transparency of government policymaking.............. 2.9...........143
Business costs of terrorism..................................... 2.7...........146
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.0...........135
Organized crime...................................................... 2.9...........142
Reliability of police services..................................... 3.0...........125
Ethical behavior of firms.......................................... 3.3...........126
Strength of auditing and reporting standards.......... 2.3...........148
Efficacy of corporate boards................................... 4.4.............86
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests.......... 3.0...........140
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)*........... n/a............n/a
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
Quality of overall infrastructure................................ 2.1...........146
Quality of roads....................................................... 2.4...........138
Quality of railroad infrastructure............................... 1.8...........104
Quality of port infrastructure.................................... 2.6...........136
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.2...........146
Available airline seat km/week, millions*................ 69.8.............94
Quality of electricity supply...................................... 2.9...........118
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 11.2...........148
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.*.............................. 1.1...........127
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
Government budget balance, % GDP*...................-5.3...........123
Gross national savings, % GDP*........................... 12.8...........113
Inflation, annual % change*..................................... 6.1...........104
General government debt, % GDP*...................... 47.5.............86
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)*....................... 18.4...........138
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
Business impact of malaria..................................... 4.4...........117
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.*........................... 3,155.0...........119
Business impact of tuberculosis.............................. 3.7...........135
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.*...................... 381.0...........136
Business impact of HIV/AIDS.................................. 4.2...........121
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.*.............................. 0.60.............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births*............... 47.9...........121
Life expectancy, years*.......................................... 65.2...........114
Quality of primary education.................................... 2.1...........143
Primary education enrollment, net %*................... 99.6...............9
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
Secondary education enrollment, gross %*........... 54.3...........115
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.8...........103
Quality of the educational system............................ 2.7...........125
Quality of math and science education................... 2.7...........134
Quality of management schools.............................. 2.7...........141
Internet access in schools....................................... 2.2...........139
Availability of research and training services............ 2.9...........140
Extent of staff training............................................. 2.6...........146
2nd pillar: Infrastructure
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
No. procedures to start a business*........................ n/a............n/a
No. days to start a business*.................................. n/a............n/a
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9.............69
Prevalence of trade barriers.................................... 4.0...........108
Trade tariffs, % duty*............................................... 3.9.............50
Prevalence of foreign ownership.............................. 3.2...........136
Business impact of rules on FDI.............................. 3.3...........132
Burden of customs procedures............................... 3.3...........127
Imports as a percentage of GDP*......................... 19.6...........142
Degree of customer orientation............................... 4.4.............86
Buyer sophistication................................................ 2.6...........132
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
Cooperation in labor-employer relations.................. 3.6...........131
Flexibility of wage determination.............................. 5.6.............23
Hiring and firing practices........................................ 4.2.............41
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary*....................... n/a............n/a
Effect of taxation on incentives to work................... 3.6.............73
Pay and productivity................................................ 3.7.............89
Reliance on professional management.................... 2.9...........141
Country capacity to retain talent.............................. 1.7...........148
Country capacity to attract talent............................ 2.4...........122
Women in labor force, ratio to men*...................... 0.93.............20
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
Availability of financial services................................ 2.9...........142
Affordability of financial services.............................. 3.0...........138
Financing through local equity market..................... 1.7...........147
Ease of access to loans.......................................... 1.5...........147
Venture capital availability........................................ 1.5...........148
Soundness of banks............................................... 3.4...........138
Regulation of securities exchanges......................... 2.0...........144
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)*............................... n/a............n/a
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
Availability of latest technologies............................. 2.5...........148
Firm-level technology absorption............................. 2.7...........148
FDI and technology transfer.................................... 3.5...........138
Individuals using Internet, %*.................................. 1.1...........147
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.*.... 0.0...........140
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user*................. 10.2.............94
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0...........134
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*.................. 3.4.............70
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)*..................... 4.0.............94
GDP (PPP$ billions)*............................................. 89.5.............71
Exports as a percentage of GDP*......................... 19.1...........135
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
Local supplier quantity............................................ 3.2...........146
Local supplier quality............................................... 3.0...........144
State of cluster development................................... 2.5...........146
Nature of competitive advantage............................. 2.1...........148
Value chain breadth................................................. 3.0...........131
Control of international distribution.......................... 3.3...........133
Production process sophistication........................... 2.3...........144
Extent of marketing................................................. 3.1...........133
Willingness to delegate authority............................. 3.3...........113
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
Capacity for innovation............................................ 2.7...........135
Quality of scientific research institutions.................. 2.2...........143
Company spending on R&D.................................... 2.2...........140
University-industry collaboration in R&D.................. 2.1...........147
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products....... 2.2...........145
Availability of scientists and engineers..................... 3.1...........129
PCT patents, applications/million pop.*................... 0.0...........126
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency
8th pillar: Financial market development
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment
4th pillar: Health and primary education
5th pillar: Higher education and training
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
Intensity of local competition................................... 4.6.............97
Extent of market dominance................................... 2.4...........147
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy...................... 3.4...........124
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest.................. 3.6.............91
Total tax rate, % profits*.......................................... n/a............n/a
9th pillar: Technological readiness
10th pillar: Market size
11th pillar: Business sophistication
12th pillar: Innovation
Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read
the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 289
© 2013 World Economic Forum