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2: Country/Economy Profiles
Portugal
Key indicators, 2014
GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2014
Population (millions) ........................................ 10.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 230.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 22,130
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.26
Portugal
50,000
Advanced economies
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 140)
Score
(1–7)
Institutions
7
Innovation
GCI 2015–2016 ...................................................... 38 ..... 4.5
GCI 2014–2015 (out of 144) ..................................... 36 ......4.5
GCI 2013–2014 (out of 148) ..................................... 51 ......4.4
GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 49 ......4.4
Infrastructure
6
5
Business
sophistication
Macroeconomic
environment
4
3
2
Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................41 ......4.9
Market size
1st pillar: Institutions ................................................. 39 ......4.4
2nd pillar: Infrastructure ............................................ 23 ......5.5
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................. 127 ......3.6
4th pillar: Health and primary education ................... 31 ......6.3
Health and
primary
education
1
Higher education
and training
Technological
readiness
Financial market
development
Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................37 ......4.6
5th pillar: Higher education and training ................... 26 ......5.2
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency ............................ 32 ......4.6
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ............................. 66 ......4.3
8th pillar: Financial market development ................. 107 ......3.4
9th pillar: Technological readiness ............................ 26 ......5.5
10th pillar: Market size.............................................. 50 ......4.3
Goods market
efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Portugal
Advanced economies
Stage of development
Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........30 ......4.2
11th pillar: Business sophistication .......................... 41 ......4.3
12th pillar: Innovation ............................................... 28 ......4.0
1
Transition
1–2
Factor
driven
2
Transition
2–3
3
Efficiency
driven
Innovation
driven
The most problematic factors for doing business
Score*
Tax rates............................................................................18.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.9
Access to financing ...........................................................13.7
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................12.2
Complexity of tax regulations.............................................11.2
Policy instability ...................................................................9.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.7
Corruption ...........................................................................2.9
Poor work ethic in labor force..............................................1.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.2
Inflation ................................................................................0.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.1
0
*
5
10
15
20
25
From the list of factors, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5. The score
corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings.
300 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016
© 2015 World Economic Forum
30
2: Country/Economy Profiles
Portugal
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
VALUE RANK/140
INDICATOR
1st pillar: Institutions
VALUE RANK/140
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
Property rights ....................................................... 4.7 ............41
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.7 ............32
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.0 ............43
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............59
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.2 ............31
Judicial independence............................................ 4.6 ............43
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............54
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ............90
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........112
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........114
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............71
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............74
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............10
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.0 ..............9
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.3 ............13
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.3 ............29
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.3 ............41
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............79
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............85
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............75
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.9 ............50
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............15
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.2 ..............4
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.3 ............25
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.3 ............25
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............24
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 847.3 ............32
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.1 ............31
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 111.8 ............75
Fixed-telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 43.2 ............14
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
Government budget balance, % GDP* ................. –4.5 ..........103
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.5 ............98
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. –0.2 ............70
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 130.2 ..........135
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 54.7 ............63
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................M.F. ...........n/a
Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ...........n/a
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 26.0 ............54
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............28
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... 0.7 ............98
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............33
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.1 ............15
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.4 ............26
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.8 ............33
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.7 ............52
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 112.9 ..............8
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 68.9 ............28
Quality of the education system ............................. 4.3 ............40
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............45
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............26
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.4 ............30
Availability of specialized training services .............. 4.7 ............38
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............54
2nd pillar: Infrastructure
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ..............9
No. days to start a business* ................................. 2.5 ..............4
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............55
Prevalence of non-tariff barriers .............................. 5.3 ..............4
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 1.2 ..............5
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............65
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............27
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.0 ............25
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.7 ............84
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............33
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............54
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............50
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............88
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........114
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.0 ............76
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.9 ..........127
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............89
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............76
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.4 ............77
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............75
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.91 ............28
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08
Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............42
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............59
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.2 ............87
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........107
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............61
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........120
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.1 ............77
Legal rights index, 0–12 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........106
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07
Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............18
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.6 ............21
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............15
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 64.6 ............49
Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* 26.7 ............30
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 218.9 ............13
Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 45.3 ............65
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............51
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............53
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 280.4 ............53
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.9 ............62
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............38
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............35
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............35
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............43
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............35
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............61
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.6 ............35
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............54
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............78
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.5 ............35
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.2 ............21
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.7 ............40
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.7 ............23
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............48
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.9 ............21
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 13.7 ............31
7th pillar: Labor market efficiency
8th pillar: Financial market development
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment
4th pillar: Health and primary education
5th pillar: Higher education and training
6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............54
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.1 ............35
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............47
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.0 ..........117
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.4 ............89
9th pillar: Technological readiness
10th pillar: Market size
11th pillar: Business sophistication
12th pillar: Innovation
Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read
the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 89.
© 2015 World Economic Forum
The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 | 301