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5/5/2014 Put these in order from smallest to largest Organism Organ Cell Organ System Tissue Organization of the Body Organization of the Body Organism Organ system Organ Cell Tissue Organ system Organ Cell Organization of the Body Organization of the Body Example 1 Neuron Nervous tissue Tissue Organism Example 2 Brain Nervous system Human Cell Muscle tissue Heart Circulatory system Human 1 5/5/2014 Types of Tissue 1. Muscle tissue Most abundant tissue in body • Controls internal movement of materials • • Ex. Blood through circulatory system Ex. Food through digestive system Controls external movements of the entire body There are three major types of muscle tissue: Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindleshaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control. 4 Types of Tissue 2. Epithelial tissue Closely packed cells Covers the surface of the body Lines internal organs Functions of Muscle tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue: controls slow, involuntary movements such as the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the stomach and intestines. The muscle of the arteries contracts and relaxes to regulate the blood pressure and the flow of blood. Skeletal Muscle Tissue: function in pairs to bring about the coordinated movements of the limbs, trunk, jaws, eyeballs, etc. ◦Skeletal muscles are directly involved in the breathing process. Cardiac (Heart) Muscle Tissue: plays the most important role in the contraction of the atria and ventricles of the heart. ◦It causes the rhythmical beating of the heart, circulating the blood and its contents throughout the body as a consequence. Types of Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it is composes. One cell thick is known as simple epithelium. Two or more cells thick such as the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium 2 5/5/2014 Functions of Epithelial Tissue •Protection From injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water. •Sensation Tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue. •Secretion Secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids. •Absorption Absorb nutrients from the digestion of food. Types of Tissue 3. Connective tissue Holds organs in place Binds different parts of the body together Ex. Tendons and ligaments Support for the body •Excretion Excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted from the body in the sweat glands. •Diffusion Diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients. Adipose tissue: storage site for fats (lipids), also pads and protects certain organs and regions of the body. An insulating layer under the skin which helps regulate body temperature. Areolar tissue: the most widespread connective tissue of the body. It is used to attach the skin to the underlying tissue. It also fills the spaces between various organs and thus holds them in place as well as cushions and protects them. Reticular tissue: provides support to the organs, tissues, and individual cells. Elastic tissue: Made mostly of elastin (a stretchy protein), stretch and easily snap back into shape Types of Tissue 4. Nervous tissue Receives messages from the body’s external and internal environments Analyzes data Directs the response Tendon tissue: tissue that connects muscle tissue to bone. They are composed almost entirely of collagen, a fibrous protein. Ligaments: Bone to Bone Blood: Transports oxygen Bone: Gives shape and form This tissue is what makes up the body’s nervous system, which is split into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system: found in the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system: all nerves and related tissue outside of these areas and it gathers signals from all parts of the body and sends them to the central nervous system. Nervous tissue is responsible for many of the body’s activities and processes, including memory, reasoning and emotions. Signals from this tissue also cause muscle contractions. Tissue Lab 3 5/5/2014 Human Body Systems Nervous Integumentary Excretory Circulatory Respiratory Immune Reproductive What is the goal of these systems? Goal: Maintain Homeostasis Carry out functions that allow an organisms (Humans) to carry out the necessary functions for survival. Digestive Skeletal Muscular Lymphatic NERVOUS SYSTEM Structures Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Neuron 4 5/5/2014 Function Coordinates body’s response to internal and external environments INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Comparison to Human Sea Jelly: Nerve Net Crayfish: Dorsal Nerve Cord Skin Hair Nails Feathers Scales Fur Skin Structures Hair Nails Sweat and oil glands Function Barrier against infection and injury Helps regulate body temp Protects against UV rays from sun 5 5/5/2014 UV Radiation Damage Integumentary Structures Integumentary Structures RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Structures Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli 6 5/5/2014 Function Respiration Structures Provides O2 for cell respiration Removes excess CO2 from body DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Respiration Sturctures Structures Function Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Breaks food into small molecules for cells Absorbs food Stomach Small & large intestines 7 5/5/2014 Feeding Digestive Systems Sponges-Fliter Feeders Earth worm Plant- EXCRETORY SYSTEM Plants Structures Function Skin Eliminates cellular waste Lungs Maintains homeostasis Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra 8 5/5/2014 SKELETAL SYSTEM Excretory System Structures Function Bones Supports body Cartilage Protects organs Ligaments Movement Tendons Stores minerals Site for blood cell formation Cross Section of a Bone Bone Cells 9 5/5/2014 Joints MUSCULAR SYSTEM Exoskeleton Structures Function Skeletal muscle With skeletal system, Smooth muscle provides voluntary movement Helps circulate blood Helps move food through digestion Cardiac muscle 10 5/5/2014 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Structures Heart Blood vessels Blood Facts about the Heart Structures of the Circulatory System/Heart Arteries Take blood to the body Veins Bring Blood to the heart Atria Receive blood Ventricles Pump blood away from the heart Function Blood Flow through the Heart Brings O2, nutrients, and hormones to cells Fights infection Regulates body temp Body Vena Cava Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Ventricle Body 11 5/5/2014 Open Circulatory Systems Vascular Tissue of Plants Xylem Transports water Open Heart Phloem Transports food and minerals ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Structures Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries (in females) Testes (in males) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Function Controls growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction 12 5/5/2014 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproductive Strategies Definitions Function • • Sexual Reproduction • • Asexual Reproduction • Internal Fertilization • External Fertilization • • • Ensure the survival of the species. External Fertilization Plants and Pollen Joining of male and female Gametes One parent produces a identical daughter cell Gametes are joined internally in the female Female and Male gametes are joined outside both LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Reproductive Strategies Function Structures White blood cells Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph vessels Protect body from disease Collects fluid lost from blood vessels & returns it to circulatory system 13 5/5/2014 Plant Structures Roots Anchor Absorb H2O Dissolve nutrients from soil Stems Produce leaves Provide support Transport substances Leaves Stoma Gas exchange & transpiration Absorb light Photosynthesis Plant Tissue Systems Plant Tissue Dermal Epidermal Cuticle 14 5/5/2014 Vascular Xylem (high) Phloem (low) Reproduction in Flowers Sepals Petals Stamens Male repro Filament+Anther Carpels (a.k.a. pistils) Female repro Plant Dissection-p.613 Ovary (contains ovules) + style + stimga Organs and Technology Frog Dissection 15