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Download The History of Architecture
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Byzantine Late Roman Empire 5th Century AD Cross-in-square church Churches full of glass mosaics Complex domes resting on massive piers Small windows to filter light & softly illuminate interiors A rich or expensive golden look Rounded arches and spires Byzantine Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Romanesque Romanesque Medieval Europe Semi-Circular Arches Clearly defined forms ~ very simple Dark interior Symmetrical Sturdy columns Large Towers Tympanum – sculptural decoration around entrance Thick walls Heavy, solid, round arches Arcades Vaulted masonry ceilings – barrel, groin, ribbed Colesseum & Leaning Tower of Pisa 1100-1450: Gothic Early in the 12th century, new ways of building meant that cathedrals and other large buildings could reach soaring heights. Built in the thirteenth century, Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France is a masterpiece of Gothic Architecture Gothic Grand, Tall Designs, Which Swept Upwards With Height and Grandeur Asymmetrical The Flying Buttress The Pointed Arch The Light and Airy Interior Emphasis Upon the Decorative Style and the Ornate Lots of Huge Windows Heavy Stone Flying Buttress The Flying Buttress Rather than just being a simple support, buttresses were often elaborately designed and extremely decorative. They appeared to dart and sweep around each building, giving a sense of movement and of grandeur Gothic 1400-1600: Renaissance Villa Almerico-Capra, also known as Villa La Rotonda, by Andrea Palladio Between 1400 and 1600, Classical ideas were reborn in Italy and northern Europe. This period is known as the Renaissance, which means born anew in French. Renaissance Chateau de Chambord is the kingdom in Chambord, France. Renaissance Renaissance style places emphasis symmetry, proportion, geometry Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, and lintels use of semicircular arches hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules Renaissance 1400 to 1600 AD a return to classical ideas "age of "awakening" in Italy and northern Europe. Renaissance means born anew in French. Symmetrical arrangement of windows and doors Extensive use of Classical columns and pilasters Triangular pediments Square lintels Arches Domes Niches with sculptures Renaissance During the 1500s, the great Renaissance master, the radical Michelangelo Buonarroti, painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and designed the dome for St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican Renaissance Renaissance Buildings: San Giorigo Maggiore in Venice, Italy The Basilica in Vicenza, Italy The Rotunda (Villa Capra) near Vicenza, Italy The Redentore in Venice, Italy St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican The Louvre in Paris, France Great Renaissance Architects: Giacomo da Vignola Andrea Palladio Michelangelo Buonarroti Filippo Brunelleschi St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican The Rotunda near Vicenza, Italy The Basilica Vicenza, Italy San Giorigo Maggiore Venice, Italy Renaissance Music Everyone should be educated in music Church choirs grow Smoother sounds, less contrast Polyphonic – more parts Renaissance Art Leonardo DaVinci Last Supper & Mona Lisa Renaissance Explorers Christopher Columbus – Italian Explorer who discovered New World – Americas Vasco daGama – Portuguese Explorer who discovered route from Portugal to India – linking Europe & Asia by sea Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese Explorer who first sailed around the world 1600-1830: Baroque Early in the 1600s, an exuberant new style called Baroque lavished buildings with complex shapes, extravagant ornaments, magnificent paintings, and bold contrasts. The Baroque Palace of Versailles in France began as a simple stone and brick home designed by Philibert Le Roy in 1624. In 1669, architect Louis Le Vau began a detailed renovation and expansion. Baroque High towers & domes More curves than straight lines Abundance of windows Highly decorative details & ornaments Baroque Characteristics Complicated shapes Large curved forms Twisted columns Grand stairways High domes Optical Illusions ~ appearance of movement Baroque means “rough pearl” ~ overly ornate & complex Blending of Architecture & Paintings Started with Catholic church because they wanted religious paintings to become more emotional & dramatic. Shows action & movement ~ angels flying, people fighting Sculptures made of rich materials like colorful marble, bronze, & gold Examples of Baroque Architecture St Peter’s Basilica The Trevi Fountain in Rome Piazz San Pietro Pantheon Chateau deVersailles Church of St. Ignatius Baroque Music Operas and Oratorios created Opera – story told by music Oratorio – large scale concert piece Johann Sebastian Bach – German classical composer – the aim of all music should be to glorify God George Friederic Handel – composed Messiah – wanted to teach scriptures through music 1650-1790: Rococo Rococo architects applied Baroque ideas with a lighter, more graceful touch. Archbishop's Palace at Prague Castle, Czech Republic Rococo In French, the word rocaille refers to rocks, shells, and the shellshaped ornaments used on fountains. During the 1700s, a new design style became popular and was known as Rococo, which combined the lavish style with Baroque details. Rococo Rococo architects applied Baroque ideas with a lighter, more graceful touch. Elaborate curves and scrolls Ornaments shaped like shells and plants Intricate patterns Delicate details Complex, asymmetrical shapes Light, pastel colors The Wieskirche, or the Wies Pilgrimage Church of the Scourged Saviour, is a masterpiece of Rococo design The 16th century architect Rastrelli created the most famous building of imperial St. Petersburg, the Rococo style Hermitage Winter Palace. Architecture in Prague: The Archbishop's Palace in the Hradcany Royal Complex Smolny Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia Rococo Music Homophonic, light in texture, melodic Bach’s sons – Johann Christian Bach & C.P.E. Bach Francois Couperin – French composer Goal was to charm, delight, entertain 1730-1925: Neoclassical Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture describes buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. West Front of the US Capitol Building in Washington DC Neoclassical NeoClassical Tall columns that rise the full height of the building Triangular pediment (low pitched triangular gable) Domed roof Symmetrical shape Evenly spaced windows thought to symbolize principles of justice and democracy. One of the most influential Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Palladian (ideas of Andrea Palladio) and Classical ideals when he drew architectural plans for the new nation, the United states. Jefferson's Neoclassical design for the Virginia State Capitol (1788) in Richmond, Virginia has been called one of the Ten Buildings That Changed America. Virginia Capitol Building ~ Richmond, VA Neoclassical House Design The word Neoclassical is often used to describe an architectural style, but Neoclassicism is not actually any one distinct style. Neoclassicism is a trend, or approach to design, that can incorporate a variety of styles. Although you may associate Neoclassicism with grand public buildings, the Neoclassical approach has also shaped the way we build private homes. You'll find Neoclassical ideas in these historic house styles Famous Neoclassical Builidngs The US Capitol The White House Jefferson's Monticello The US Supreme Court Building Modern 1900 – present A new way of thinking emphasizing function & specific needs Frank Lloyd Wright Modern Little or no ornamentation Factory-made parts Man-made materials such as metal and concrete Materials at 90 degrees to each other Emphasis on simple, clear forms No unnecessary details Rebellion against traditional styles Apply scientific & analytical methods to design Stark buildings often seemed to defy gravity
