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The Enlightenment • The Age of Enlightenment brought together the ideas of both the Renaissance & the Scientific Revolution 1 The Enlightenment • • Renaissance produced a New confidence in human intelligence and a curiosity about the world. The Scientific Revolution produced a new method of studying the physical world based on observation and experiment. (Scientific method) 2 The Enlightenment – The writers of the Enlightenment attempted to improve society. – The age of enlightenment was a time for thinking about • • • the welfare of society, the freedom of the individual, the happiness of humanity. 3 Rene Descartes • Considered the founder of modern philosophy WHAT IS REASON? • Nothing should be accepted on I think, thereforelogically, I am; • To think through as a faith. problem, or I am thinking, therefore I exist • Everything should be doubted or I do think, therefore I do exist • To conclude or infer, until proven by reason. • To convince, persuade, etc., by reasoning, • To support with reasons. 4 Newton Newtonian World Machine • • disproved the idea that one set of physical rules governed Earth and another set governed the rest of the universe. Became the starting point for investigating everything in nature. 5 John Locke’s – Theory of Knowledge An Essay Concerning Human Understanding • Argued that all of our ideas (knowledge) – simple or complex – are ultimately derived from experiences 6 Knowledge 7 Knowledge 8 Knowledge 9 Knowledge 10 Knowledge 11 Knowledge 12 Knowledge 13 Knowledge 14 Knowledge 15 The Philosophes In the early 1700’s a new group of thinkers came about – they believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life The role of the philosopher was to change the world! 16 Montesquieu • • • • Separation of powers No two branches of government could be combined Would create a threat to liberty Governmental powers should be separated and balanced to guarantee individual rights and freedom. 17 Voltaire – Voltaire used his pen to fight against humanities worst enemies • Prejudice • Superstition • Intolerance Especially Religious 18 Diderot • Encyclopedia – set of large books containing articles & essays from all the leading scholars of Europe 19 Rousseau • • • All about Freedom & Equality Social Contract (1762) Only legitimate government was one ruled with the consent of the people What does consent mean? permission, approval, or agreement; compliance 20 21 3 Laws of economics 1. People act in own self-interest (but it's okay because everyone gains) 2. Competition- in a free market people have to compete to survive 3. Supply and Demand - if quantity is above demand then people have to lower prices or just not sell until things reach equilibrium 22 Chapter 17 • Section 3 23 The Impact of the Enlightenment Art style shifts • from Baroque – characterized by grotesqueness, extravagance, complexity, flamboyance, bold, powerful • To Rococo – Grace, charm, and gentle action. 24 if it ain’t Baroque, don’t fix it! Caravaggio Rembrandt 25 Rococo Fragonard (1767) - The Swing has come to epitomize Rococo painting. It depicts a fashionably dressed lady revealing her charms to her lover, carefully positioned in a bed of roses; the lady's husband is an unwitting accomplice to this act of amorous intrigue. •Grace, charm, and gentle action. Delicate designs colored in gold w/ graceful curves 26 Rococo Watteau – The Delights of Life (1718) 27 18 Century Architecture Rococo Below: Residence Palace of Wurzburg – Garden Hall Above: Balthasar Neumann’s – Residence Palace of Wurzburg (Court Chapel) 28 BAROQUE Palace of Versailles 29 Changes in Music • • • • Music goes through a maturation Reborn in the Renaissance Baroque being the teen years Classical the adult years 30 I’m best known for my religious music… Handel I’m considered the greatest composer of all time! Bach 31 Vivaldi, Bach, and Handel – The 3 Pillars of Baroque Music 32 Classical Mozart Haydn 33