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The Renaissance: Overview and Intellectualism Florence, Italy Review: Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Jacob Burkhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) “Birthplace of the modern world” • Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture • Perfecting the individual (or idealizing humanity) • Secularism Urban Society Age of Recovery Black Death, Political Disorder, Economic Recession Review: Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Service to the prince • Ideal of the well developed person Good character Grace Classical education Draw and paint Play a musical instrument Review: Peasants and Townspeople Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society Patricians Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen The Poor and Unemployed Slaves Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Arranged Marriages Father-husband head of family Wife managed household Childbirth Mothers 10% death rate Sexual Norms Extramarital relationships • arranged marriage and age gap between husband and wife Prostitution • a “necessary evil” and regulated by the government Italian States in the Renaissance Italian States in the Renaissance Five Major Powers Milan Venice Florence • The Medici The Papal States Kingdom of Naples Independent City-States • Mantua •The Role of Women •Isabella d’Este- ruled Mantua • Made Mantua a center for art and learning in the Renaissance • Amassed one of the finest libraries in Italy Italian Wars The Battle of Pavia, unknown Flemish artist, 16th century France and Spain fight over the Italian peninsula Powerful monarchies in France (Valois Dynasty) vs. Spain & Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg Dynasty) Italy a battle ground for power struggle between the two states Attracted to wealth in Italy Lack of unity among Italian states made invasions possible Modern diplomatic system- Began the use of ambassadors CHRONOLOGY: The Italian States in the Renaissance Florence Cosimo de’ Medici Lorenzo de’ Medici 1434-1464 1469-1492 Beginning of the Italian wars - French and Spanish invasion of Italy 1494 Sack of Rome by Spanish & H.R.E. 1527 Habsburg victory in Italian wars - Spain becomes the premier European power 1559 Challenge Question #1 What made France and Spain want to invade Italy and what made their invasions possible? Challenge Question #2 What was the major result of the Italian Wars? The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy Two characteristics of Italian Renaissance Individualism- interest in the unique traits of each person Secularism- an emphasis on material and worldly things as opposed to religious things Italian Renaissance Humanism Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature Studied the humanities subjects- grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, ethics Petrarch (1304 – 1374)- father of Humanism • Characterization of Middle Ages as “darkness” • Interest in secular classics to remedy this period of darkness Ransacked monastic libraries in search of forgotten Latin manuscripts Humanism in Civics Civic Humanism – Florence • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) New Cicero- fusion of the intellectual and political action Duty of the intellectual to live an active life for one’s state Humanists served as chancellors, councilors, and advisors Bust of Cicero, Roman philosopher and politician Challenge Question #3 Q: Describe a civic humanist A: Someone who is involved in both intellectual and political pursuits Humanism and Philosophy Neoplatonism Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) – Sponsored by Cosimo Medici • Translated Plato’s dialogues • Neoplatonism- synthesis of Christianity and the new awareness of the writings of Plato. • Hierarchy of substances: physical matter (plants) Humans God • Humans were the link between the physical world (body) and spiritual world (soul) Hermeticism Intellectual movement of the 15th century that taught divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature. • Ficino translated a Greek manuscript Corpus Hermeticum at the request of Cosimo Medici Hermetic manuscripts stressed occult sciences (astrology, alchemy, magic) Pantheism- seeing divinity in all aspects of nature. Hermetic Revival of the Renaissance • Renaissance intellectuals believed human beings were created as divine beings that freely chose to enter nature. • Humans could rediscover their divinity through a purification of the soul and become sages or magi. Challenge Question #4 Q: How do Hermeticism and Neoplatonism emphasize the Renaissance ideal of perfecting the individual (idealizing humanity)? A: Close link between Humans and divinity Neoplatonism- Humans link between God and physical World Hermeticism- believe humans are divine