Download Final Review

Final Review 1
2
Chapter 10
Radiation
3
What is Radiation/Radioactivity?
• emission of energy as waves or particles
• examples of NATURAL RADIATION
SUN
SOIL
What material can stop alpha particles?
What material can stop beta
particles?
Why do we wear those heavy
"aprons" at the dentist while
getting x-rays?
What is the half life of a substance? 4
Half Life Examples:
If the half-life of iodine-131 is 8.10 days, how long will
it take a 50.00 g sample to decay to 6.25 g?
The half-life of hafnium-156 is 0.025 s. How long will it take a 560 g
sample to decay to one-fourth its original mass?
5
Fusion and Fission can produce radiation
Nuclear Fission: process of splitting heavier nuclei into lighter nuclei
• During fission, both neutrons and energy are released.
• About 20% of the US power is created by FISSION!
Nuclear Fusion • Nuclear Fusion: combining light nuclei to form heavier nuclei.
• Occurs mostly on the sun because the environment needs to be extremely hot!
6
Chapter 11
Motion
7
What is a frame of reference?
Difference between speed and velocity?
Average Speed Formula
speed = distance time
acceleration formula = final velocity ­ initial
time
What is a "Net Force?"
Net force = 1 to the right
8
Graphs
Distance ­ Time Graph
Speed­Time Graph
Distance
Speed
Time
Time
9
YOU PRACTICE!
What is the average speed of a car that traveled 300 miles in 5.5 hours?
A snail can move approximately 0.30 meters per minute. How many meters can the snail cover in
15 minutes?
How long would it take you to swim across a lake that is 900 meters across if you swim at 1.5 m/sec?
a. What is the answer in seconds?
b. What is the answer in minutes?
Acceleration
A runner whose initial speed is 29 km/h increases her speed to 31 km/h in order to win a race. If the runner takes 5.0 s to complete this increase in speed, what is her acceleration? 10
Chapter 12
Newton's Laws Of Motion
11
Newton's 3 Laws
Newton's 1st Law: Law of Inertia
Newton's 2nd Law: F= ma
Newton's 3rd Law: For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction
12
Review Game on Newton's Laws!
http://www.quia.com/cb/279011.html
13
Chapter 13 & 14
ENERGY
14
Remember... ENERGY IS NEVER LOST OR DESTROYED, IT IS ALWAYS
TRANSFERRED!
Roller Coaster Example
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys02/rolcoast/default.htm
Pendulum example
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys02/pend/default.htm
Ball on Hill
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys02/rolling/default.htm
15
Potential Energy - (PE)
potential energy: the energy that an object has because of the position, shape, or condition of the object
Types of Potential Energy
1.) Elastic Potential Energy ­ objects that are stretched or compressed
Examples ­ http://id.mind.net/
~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/massOnASpring/massOnASpring.html
2.) Gravitational Potential Energy ­ potential energy caused by the force of gravity. Formula: gravitational PE = mass x free fall acceleration x height or PE = mgh 16
Kinetic Energy - (KE)
Kinetic energy ­ the energy an object has because it is moving
• Depends on the mass and the speed of an object
Formula:
Kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed squared
or
KE = 1/2 mv2
Which can do more work:
A bowling ball or a tennis ball traveling at the same speed?
bowling ball
An apple falling at 10 m/s or an apple falling at 1m/s
10m/s
17
Kinetic
Math Practice
A baseball is pitched with a speed of 35 m/s. If the baseball has a mass of 0.146 kg, what is its kinetic energy?
89 joules
A table tennis (ping­pong) ball has a mass of about 2.45 g. Suppose the ball is hit across the table with a speed of about 4.0 m/s. What is its kinetic energy?
Potential
The world record for pole vaulting is 6.15 m. If the pole vaulter’s gravitational potential is 4942 J, what is his mass?
The largest sea turtle found in the United States had a mass of 860 kg. If the gravitational potential energy associated with the turtle as it was being lifted onto a ship was 2.0 × 104 J, how high above the water was the turtle?
2.4 m
18
What is temperature?
Measure of KINETIC ENERGY in an object
3 scales are _________________, _________________, __________________
What makes objects feel hot? (the transfer of heat from one object to another!)
What are the three ways that heat can be transferred?
Conduction, convection, and radiation
19
Conduction:
transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle
Heat flows from the source down the temperature gradient to the sink.
*Transfer of energy between objects in direct contact with each other.
20
Convection
results from the movement of warm fluids
What happens to the hot air? 21
Radiation
energy transfer through EM waves
EM Waves:
infrared - all hot objects give this off (thermogram)
UV
visible light
*This is the ONLY way energy
can be transferred in a vacuum.
22
Conductors - transfer energy well
Insulators - transfer energy poorly
23
Chapter 15‐16 Energy & Waves
24
What do waves transfer?
What are the five main types of waves?
Electromagnetic
Mechanical
Transverse
Longitudinal
Surface
Label that Wave!
25
What is the frequency of a wave?
What is the period of a wave?
Formula for wave speed
speed = wavelength x frequency
26
Wavelength problems
Wavelength = 5mm, frequency = 2Hz. At what speed does the wave travel?
The speed of a wave on a guitar string is 100m/s and the frequency is 1,000Hz. What is the wavelength of the wave?
27
Wave Interactions
refracted
reflected
Waves can either be ________________,
_______________,
diffracted
or ________________
Interference
_______________ occurs when two or more waves overlap
is an example of
constructive
______________ interference.
is an example of
destructive interference.
______________
28
EM waves are the only was that can travel through _______________!
29
Chapter 21
Earth's Interior
30
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What are the layers of the earth and their composition?
Match that plate boundary!
Transform/Sliding
Convergent
Divergent
What are the three types of volcanoes?
31
What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?
How are the following rocks formed?
Igenous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
How do we determine the age of rocks? (2 ways)
32
Look at your ASTRONOMY
STUDY GUIDE
Important topics:
• stars and their life cycle (where are most
stars at in their life cycle and the Sun)?
33