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Objectives
Explain how geography influenced
the development of Ancient Greece
Describe the government, economy and
culture of the Greek city-states
Analyze the contributions
of ancient Greece in the modern world
Ancient Greece
2000 B.C. - 300 B.C.
Brief Time Line
2000 B.C. Minoan civilization
prospers on Crete
1500 B.C. Culture thrives
on Greek mainland
1200 B.C. Trojan War
750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish
479 B.C. Persian Wars
334 B.C. Alexander builds empire
Geography of
Ancient Greece
Geography
Mountains covered ¾ of Greece
Over 2,000 islands
– Independent communities
Lacked natural resources
such as timber, precious metals
and usable farmland
Seaways crucial for trade, economy
Warm weather meant public life
Importance of the Sea- Trade
Geography
How did geography influence the
way Greeks governed?
Instead of a single government,
the Greeks developed small,
independent communities that
governed themselves.
Early Peoples of
Greece
Early Peoples
Bronze or Heroic Age
Minoans lived in Crete
– Wealthy: City of Knossos
– Heavily influenced by Egyptians
– Developed unique culture
• Writing system, art, pottery, literature,
politics, religion
– Conquered by Mycenaeans
1500-1450 BCE
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Minoan Civilization
Early Peoples
Mycenaeans lived in Greek mainland
– Originally from Anatolia
– Won 10-year war against Troy
(Trojan War) – The Iliad by Homer
– Adopted much of Minoan culture
– Collapsed in 1200 BCE
– Dorians moved in
– “Dark Age” of Greece 1150-700 BCE
The Mycenaean Civilization
The Mask of Agamemnon
City-States 750 B.C.
Shift from tribal/clan control to more
formal government = city-states = polis
Controlled about 10,000 people each
Isolated on land -- connected via the sea
Had unique cultures, customs,
and governments
However, all shared common language
and gods
Colonies spread Greek culture and trade
Olympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Olympia: Temple to Hera
The 2004 Olympics
Forms of Government
Monarchy:
– Ruled by a king (Mycenae 2000 B.C.)
Aristocracy:
– Ruled by nobility, social status (Early Athens)
Oligarchy:
– Ruled by small group of citizens (Sparta)
Direct democracy:
– Ruled by citizens, majority rule (Athens)
Sparta
Sparta
Sparta: Military state
Superpower on land
Helots: Messenian peasants/slaves
who revolted vs. Spartans
Spartans, fearing such rebellion,
valued and built strong military
instead of democracy
Boys left families at age 7
for military until 30
Women played sports and
had some military training
Sparta
Athens
Athens: Yesterday & Today
Athens: Limited
democracy
Early government was aristocratic
First step toward democracy came
under Draco and his code that said
all were equal under the law
Solon later outlawed debt slavery
Cleisthenes introduced limited
democracy (for free adult males)
Most women limited to home life
Early Athenian lawgivers
•
Draco -- 620 BCE
•
•
•
Made the state the enforcer of law
Solon -- 560 BCE
•
Laid the foundations of Athenian democracy
•
Curbed the power of the wealthy (aristocrats)
Cleisthenes -- 508 BCE
•
Created the first democracy
•
Created 10 political units in Athens
•
Ostracism-a vote from more than 6,000 citizens
would exile a citizen for 10 years
Persian
Wars:
499 BCE –
480 BCE
Persian Wars
Greece vs. Persian Empire
Starts when Athens supports
Greek rebels vs. Persians in Ionia
1st invasion –
Persian King Darius the Great: 492490 BCE (and Marathon)
2nd invasion – Darius’s son Xerxes:
480-479 BCE (and “300”)
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
•
Marathon (490 BCE)
•
•
Thermopylae (480 BCE)
•
•
300 Spartans at the mountain pass
Salamis (480 BCE)
•
•
26.2 miles from Athens
Athenian navy victorious
Plataea (479 BCE)
•
Greeks expel Persians
from Greek mainland
Golden Age (?) of Athens:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Golden Age of Athens
Victory over Persia gained Athens
wealth and fame – Delian League
Athenian League -- superpower at sea
– Members paid tribute to Athens for protection
– Growth of trade and empire
Athens experienced an explosion of
construction, culture and knowledge
Pericles:
– Leading statesman of Athens for 40 years
– Ended last aristocratic institutions;
paid salaries to public officials
– Raised Athens to be an empire-state
The Parthenon
Acropolis:
Fortified hilltop or marketplace
The Acropolis Today
Athens: The Arts & Sciences
• TRAGEDY:
•
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
• COMEDY:
•
Aristophanes
• THE SCIENCES:
•
Pythagoras
•
Democritus  all matter made up
of small atoms.
•
Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”
Historians
Herodotus
– Regarded as the "Father of History”
– Wrote: The Histories
– Systematic collection of sources
Thucydides
– Wrote: History of the
Peloponnesian War
– Father of "scientific history” -- strict
standards of evidence-gathering
Peloponnesian Wars: 431-404 B.C.
Peloponnesian War
•Sparta and its allies vs. Athens and its allies
•Spartan army vs. Athenian navy
•Athens avoided battles with Sparta
•Retreated to within the city walls
•Plague struck Athens
•Pericles and one-third of Athenians died
•Athens invaded Sparta ally Sicily – disaster
•Athens fell
•Starvation and disease from the prolonged siege
Great Athenian Philosophers
•
Socrates
• Know thyself!
• question everything
• only the pursuit of goodness
brings happiness.
•
Plato
• The Academy
• The world of the FORMS
• The Republic  philosopher-king
Great Athenian Philosophers
• Aristotle
• The Lyceum
• “Golden Mean”
[everything in moderation].
• Logic.
• Scientific method.
• Famous student: Alexander.
Macedonia Under Philip II
King Phillip II of Macedon
359 B.C. became king at age 23
Brilliant general and
ruthless politician
Defeated weakened Athens and
Thebes in 338 B.C.
Planned to invade Persia next
but was assassinated
at daughter’s wedding in 336 B.C.
Macedonian army
1.Professional army – well paid
2.Innovative – 16 by 16 phalanx
3.Cavalry then swept in
"Hellenistic"
Greece:
324 BCE - 100 BCE
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
King at age 20
Aristotle taught him science,
geography and literature
Carried out father’s plan
to invade Persia. Then Egypt.
326 B.C. reached the Indus Valley
in India and had to turn back
Died at age 32 from fever (Malaria)
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great
in Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic City
The economy of
the Hellenistic World
The breakup
of Alexander’s empire
Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
 Scientists / Mathematicians:
 Aristarchus  believed sun larger than Earth
and planets rotated around the sun
 Euclid  still basis for geometry courses
 Archimedes  pi and the law of the lever
 Hellenistic Art:
 More realistic; less ideal than previous art.
 Showed individual emotions, wrinkles,
and age!
Hellenistic Philosophers
 Cynics  Diogenes
 ignore social conventions
and avoid luxuries.
 citizens of the world.
 live a humble, simple life.
 Epicurians  Epicurus
 avoid pain and seek pleasure.
 all excess leads to pain!
 politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic Philosophers
 Stoics  Zeno
 nature is the expansion of
divine will.
 concept of natural law.
 get involved in politics, not
for personal gain, but to
perform virtuous acts for the
good of all.
 true happiness is found in
great achievements.
The Legacy of Greece
Culture:
– Greek language
– Mythology about
gods/goddesses
– Olympic games
– Philosophers search for truth
The Legacy of Greece
Arts:
– Drama and poetry
– Sculptures
– Painted pottery
– Classical architecture
The Legacy of Greece
Science and technology:
– Developed lever, pulley, pump
– Estimated Earth’s
circumference
– Developed geometry
– Disagreement over center
of the universe
The Legacy of Greece
Government:
–Direct democracy: voting
–Code of laws -punishments
–Concept of citizenship