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Name: __________________________ Period: ______ Date: __________ Ch. 12 – The Islamic World – Study Guide Section 1 – The Roots of Islam Life in a Desert Land Oasis – Caravan – A New Religion Muhammad – Mecca – Faisal Mosque, located in Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan, was built in 1986. It is one of the largest mosques in Asia. How did Muhammad go from being a merchant to a prophet of God? – Prophet (Messenger) – In Arabic, Islam means "__________________________________" and is a way of life and/or a religion. The word "__________________________________" is also related to the word Islam and means "one who surrenders" or "submits" to God. A practitioner of the religion of Islam is known by this name. Qur’an (Koran) (– )ق رآن Allah – “Allah Akbar” – Kaaba – Pilgrimage / Hajj – Influence – Hegira (Hijrah) – Medina – The Pilgrimage to Ka'bah, Masjid al Haram, Mecca (in Saudi Arabia) is one of the five pillars of Islam for Sunnis. Mosque – How did Muhammad die? – What two ways of life developed in Arabia’s desert environment? – Why did Muhammad have a hard time getting people in Mecca to accept his teachings? – What are some possible benefits to a nomadic lifestyle, and what are some possible benefits to a sedentary lifestyle? – Section 2 – Islamic Beliefs and Practices The Qur’an Summarize the main beliefs of Islam – Summarize the guidelines of moral behavior for Muslims – Jihad – Hadith – Sunnah – The Five Pillars of Islam (according to the Sunnis – 85% of Muslims) are: 1. The Five Pillars of Islam (according to the Shi’a – 15% of Muslims) are: The Oneness of God (tawhīd). The Justice of God ('adl). Prophethood (nubuwwah). The Leadership of Mankind (imamah). The Resurrection (me'ad). 2. 3. 4. 5. The Muslim creed in English: I believe in God; and in His Angels; and in His Scriptures; and in His Messengers; and in The Final Day; and in Fate, that Good and Evil are from God, and Resurrection after death be Truth. I testify that there is nothing worthy of worship but God; and I testify that Muhammad is His Messenger. Both the Qur’an and the Sunnah guide Muslims’ behavior. Apart from discussing different topics, how do they differ? – Which of the Five Pillars of Islam do you think would be the most difficult to perform? Why? – Islamic Law Summarize Shariah Law (– )شريعة Section 3 – Islamic Empires Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands Caliph – Abu Bakr – Ali – Umayyads – Berbers – Moors – Abbassids – Tolerance – Arabic – Development – Ottoman Empire – Janissaries – Mehmed II “the Conqueror” – Suleyman I “the Magnificent” – Safavid Empire – Shia (Shi’ite) – Sunni – Mughal Empire – Babur – Akbar – Taj Mahal – Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina. The mosque also has a tomb of prophet Muhammad and the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab Why did the Safavids come into conflict with the Ottomans? – In your opinion, was conquest or trade more effective in spreading Islam? Why? – Section 4 – Cultural Achievements Science and Philosophy Ibn Battutah – “Arabic” numerals – Sufism – Literature and the Arts Omar Khayyám – Patrons – Minaret – Calligraphy – What are two elements often found in Muslim architecture? – How did having a common language help scholars in the Islamic world? – Why might a ruler want to become a patron of a mosque? –