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Stellar Fingerprints Adapted from Region 4, Fingerprints of the Stars Objectives: Describe the components of the universe (stars). Analyze and predict trends from data. Background: Now that you know how astronomers use light to collect information from the universe, let’s look at stars by themselves. All stars start out in a specific place, called a nebula (plural is nebulae). Nebulae are large areas of gas and dust where stars are born and sometimes die. They are mainly made up of hydrogen, helium, and other gases and dust. These elements are the key ingredients in making stars. All stars are first born of mostly hydrogen, the simplest form of matter in space. Throughout their life, stars convert more and more hydrogen to helium, the next simplest form of matter. As the stars age, they burn off their simpler (lighter) elements in a process known as nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion involves fusing different elements to make simpler (lighter) elements into heavier elements such oxygen and carbon. As elements get fused together, energy is released. As the fusion continues; the star has lower amounts of the lighter elements. When the star eventually runs out of its "light element fuel," it tries to fuse the heavier elements. Heavier elements require more energy to fuse. The size of the star determines how long it lives and continues the nuclear fusion process. Medium size stars like the Sun can fuel themselves longer than smaller stars by fusing helium into oxygen and carbon. Very large stars can continue the nuclear fusion process much, much longer, making heavier elements like calcium and iron. Small Stars Medium Stars (Sun) Large Stars fuse H to form He fuse H to form He fuse H to form He then then O and C O and C then Ne, Na Mg, S Si then Really Large Stars Ca Fe TEKS 8.8A describe components of the universe including stars, nebulae and galaxies, and use models such as the Herztsprung-Russell diagram for classification TEKS 8.8B recognize that the Sun is a medium-sized star near the edge of a disc-shaped galaxy of stars and that the Sun is many thousands of times closer to the Earth than any other star Stellar Fingerprints Adapted from Region 4, Fingerprints of the Stars Objectives: Describe the components of the universe (stars). Analyze and predict trends from data. Procedures: 1. Look at the two sets of spectra patterns. Identify the elements present in each of the stars by comparing the spectra of the stars to those of the elements. 2. Record the elements for each star in the data table by marking an “X” in the table. 3. Use the periodic table to find and record the atomic number and mass of each element in the table. Data Table: Star Name color & type Elements Present in Star H He Ca Li Na Mg Fe Ne Sun yellow main sequence Procyon white main sequence Betelgeuse red super giant Sirius white dwarf Aldebaran orange giant Atomic Number Atomic Mass Questions: 1. The elements common to all of the stars are _________________________________ 2. These elements are common to all of the stars because ________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. The process in which stars produce energy is ________________________________ 4. Based on the data, the most massive stars are probably _______________________ 5. The least massive is ___________________________________________________ 6. Which elements are produced by the massive stars? __________________________ 7. What is a characteristic of the elements produced by the massive stars? ___________ 8. Based on the elements present in the Sun and what you know about how stars produce energy, what inferences can you make about the Sun? __________________ Spectral Patterns for Stars Spectral Patterns of Elements