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Facts about Uncle Tom’s Cabin The book sold hundreds of thousands of copies. Many southern writers wrote pro-slavery books in response to it. It made many northerners hate slavery. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War The following American Authors wrote Anti-Slavery works: Harriet Beecher Stowe Henry David Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson The veteran leader of the Whigs was Daniel Webster. When citizens of Vermont presented a petition opposing slavery in 1837, southern members of Congress drafted a so-called gag rule prohibiting any documents relating to the abolition of slavery from even being discussed in Congress. The Freeport Doctrine, an argument holding that people of a territory could keep out slavery by passing local laws making it impossible for slavery to work, was developed by Stephen Douglas. The elder statesman who advocated compromise between northern and southern interests was Henry Clay. The Supreme Court ruled that no African American, whether slave or free, could ever enjoy the rights of a U.S. citizen in the Dred Scott case. Facts about Dred Scott The Missouri Compromise had violated the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. No African American could ever be a U.S. citizen. Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not bring suit in U.S. courts. The presidential election of 1852 was won by Franklin Pierce In 1856 James Buchanan was elected president of the United States on the Democratic ticket. The 1856 presidential candidate for the Republican Party was John C. Frémont. The veteran leader of the Whigs was Daniel Webster. Debate concerning the Kansas-Nebraska Act in Congress became so intense that an antislavery congress member was beaten with a cane The political party formed by antislavery settlers in Kansas was the Free State Party. The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was the headquarters of the Free State Party. Kansas’s Lecompton Constitution was controversial because it was drafted and passed by pro-slavery delegates only. The event that sparked the use of the term “Bleeding Kansas” was the Pottawatomie Massacre. The policy of popular sovereignty was not upheld by the Lecompton Constitution because it did not allow voters in Kansas the right to completely outlaw slavery. The group of southerners who held extreme pro- slavery views and supported the breakup of the Union and the formation of a southern confederacy were called fire-eaters. Besides abolitionist reasons, another reason that some people opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act was because they thought that employers would choose to use slaves instead of wage-earning white workers. Withdrawal from the Union was called secession. It was important for the North to keep control of Fort Sumter because losing it would be a sign that Lincoln would not protect federal property in the seceded states. President Lincoln’s call for troops after the fall of Fort Sumter resulted in four more southern states seceding. The Union troops that were dispatched to fight in the First Battle of Bull Run were barely trained. President Lincoln was disappointed with General McClellan because McClellan was often reluctant to attack the Confederate armies. Facts about The Battle of Shiloh Ulysses S. Grant led the Union forces Both sides suffered great losses The Union army won the battle. The largest city in the South during the Civil War was New Orleans. Draft exemptions for wealthy plantation owners who were slaveholders put the major burden for fighting the war for the Confederacy on poor farmers and working people. The significance of the South’s loss at the Battle of Antietam was that it cost the South any hope for support from a European country. After the Battle of Antetam, the Union forces were placed under the command of Ambrose E. Burnside. Union troops lost the Battle of Fredricksburg because they were ordered to cross an open field. General Stonewall Jackson was injured and later died from injuries received at the Battle of Chancellorsville when he was mistaken for a Union soldier and shot by his own men. In July 1863, Union victories at Vicksburg and Port Hudson were significant because they gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River, thereby cutting off Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas from the rest of the Confederacy. By continuing to fight until the South ran out of men, supplies, and will, General Grant waged a war of attrition. The Union’s plan for blocking all ports in the South was called the Anaconda Plan. The worst conditions of the Civil War were found in the prisoner-of-war camps in both the North and the South. Reconstruction referred to rebuilding the South and reuniting the nation. Facts about the South after the Civil war: Thousand of people were jobless The economy was in shambles Countless buildings lay in ruins President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Facts about Andrew Johnson: He was a Democrat He was once a slaveholder He held pro-Union sympathies Former Confederates called scalawags, were southern whites who had supported the Union cause and now were in favor of Reconstruction. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. A former slave who became an abolitionist and adviser to President Andrew Johnson on race relations was Frederick Douglass. The first Civil Rights Act in the history of the United States was the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Land Reform during Reconstruction: Some freed people believed they would receive forty acres and a mule Some people took advantage of African Americans’ desire for land after the war Freed people received land from the federal government after the war Facts about the Reconstruction Acts of 1867: The former Confederacy was divided into five military districts States were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment African Americans were to be able to vote for and serve as delegates to state constitutional conventions. African American Involvement in Reconstruction: African American delegates outnumbered white delegates in Louisiana and South Carolina African American delegates composed from 10 to 40 percent of the delegates in other states Most of the African American delegates were southerners; however, northerners also participated. The Black Codes were written to limit the freedom of former slaves African Americans first won the right to vote in the District of Columbia The Civil Rights Act of 1875 prohibited businesses that served the public from discriminating against African Americans In the 1876 presidential election, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden