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Name: Period: Date: Grammar Notes (KEEP THESE ALL YEAR) Fill in the blanks as we take notes in class. STEPS TO LABELING SENTENCE PARTS: 1. Cross off all prepositional phrases (slot test) . 2. Double underline verb (label LV—linking; HV—helping; AV—action) 3. Underline the subject once (Ask who/what plus verb) 4. If AV (action), DO (direct object)/label IO (indirect object) 5. If LV (linking), label PN/PA (PN—equals/renames S; PA—describes S) 6. Circle all noun functions (S, DO, IO, PN, OP) 7. Label all adjectives (ADJ) which modify above nouns 8. Label all adverbs (ADV) which modify V, ADJ, ADV 9. Find conjunctions 1. Prepositional Phrase= preposition + object of preposition (OP). EX: to the mall ; from the store ; except all those ; Can you think of another? Preposition- A position word which shows relationships between objects and/or time frame Slot Test for Most Prepositions = The bird flew _____________ the clouds. A. subject/verb pairs are never found in a prepositional phrase B. of and with are always prepositions if used correctly. C. If there are two prepositions in a row, cross out the second . PREPOSITIONS LIST : with into amid behind over concerning at to past from below upon beneath except underneath without through like along within until after about of off between down around outside on before near among but since under across for beside by toward against up in during inside throughout beyond above regarding unto atop 2.Object of a Preposition (OP)-- the who or what in a prepositional phrase EX: I went by the store. Store = object of preposition 3. Parts of Speech - way of categorizing words in isolation (singly) (8 Parts = noun / pronoun / verb / adverb / adjective / conjunction / preposition / interjection ) 4. Sentence Parts - way of identifying words based on function 5. Verb – indicate tense (past, present, future); actions or state of being The 3 Types of Verbs: action helping linking 6. Linking verbs (LV) – do not show action! Link subject with nouns/pronouns or adjectives. EX. His mother is an accountant. The winners of the game were they. Mary became sick after the high jump. State of being verbs - to be = is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been The REPLACEMENT TEST for linking verbs is to replace a linking verb with a form of “to be.” If it still makes sense without the meaning changed it is a LV. The FLIP-FLOP TEST for Linking Verbs is if you flip-flop the sentence around the verb and it still means the same, it is a LV. LINKING VERB LIST: *to be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been) *to be to become to remain to taste to seem to appear to look to sound to stay to smell to grow 7. Helping Verbs (HV) – begin a verb phrase EX. I may go to the store today. She did not tell him about the test. I shall wait until dark. HELPING VERBS LIST: do is may shall does am must will did are might can has was should have were would had be could being been 8. Action Verbs (AV)- show/represent action EX. I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog. Our teacher gave us a huge test today. 9. Subject (S)- who or what (and completes the verb after prepositions are eliminated) and they must always indicate number (singular/ plural.) EX. He went to the movies without you. Maria is a wonderful host. 10. Implied (You) Subject- an understood “you” through a command EX. (You) Take me with you to the park. (You) Go to the library and read a magazine. 11. Subject/Verb Pairs- who or what + verb (together) EX. You are my sunshine. Garrett let the dog out earlier. (You) Take me out to the ball game. 12. Sentence Patterns- Six (6) basic patterns used for building blocks The six Basic Sentence Patterns: 1. S - V 2. S - AV - DO 3. S - AV - IO - DO 4. S - LV - PN 5. S - LV - PA 6. V – S (inverted sentence) (DO= Direct Object, IO=Indirect Object, PN=Predicate Noun, PA= Predicate Adjective) What kinds of sentence parts follow action verbs? IO, DO What kind of sentence parts follow linking verbs? PN, PA Can a DO ever come before an IO? No Does every DO have to have an IO? No Does every IO have to have a DO? Yes Can a DO and a PN or PA appear in the same sentence? No 13. Direct Objects (DO – Always follow an AV and receives the action of the verb (answers “what” of the verb) EX. I throw the eraser. (Verb + who or what? Throws what? eraser) 14. Indirect Objects (IO) - always fall between AV and DO and receives the DO. EX. I throw Ben the eraser. (Who receives the DO/ Ben ?______) The DO receives the IO. I throw the eraser to Ben. (Why is Ben no longer an IO?) addition of the word “to” 15. Predicate Noun (PN) - always follows LV; noun/pronoun which renames the subject EX. I am a teacher in the classroom. (Is the verb action/linking?) LV (Replacement/flip-flop) “I” replaces/renames “teacher” - “teacher” is the PN 16. Predicate Adjective (PA)- always follows a LV and describes subject EX. I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team. (Is the verb action /linking?) LV Unhappy doesn’t equal I, but does it describe I? Yes Then unhappy is the what? PA 17. Noun FunctionsThe five functions are: OP S DO IO PN 18. Adjectives (ADJ)- modifies nouns and pronouns a an the and possessives (ex. Hers) are always Adjectives. EX. The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree. 19. Adverbs (ADV)- modifies everything that is not a noun/pronoun (adj., adv., verb) The ending ly is a good clue but not a sure thing! Not and very are always adverbs What is the only way to know for sure? Identify the word being modified. EX. I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm. Adverbs answer the questions: how, when, where, and to what extent. Everything found after the adjectives (excluding conjunctions) are what? adverbs 20. Conjunctions- connect elements; combine and connect EX. The football and baseball players are rowdy. What are they connecting? nouns The three types are: coordinate subordinate correlative 21. Coordinate conjunctions- connect items of the same kind The Eight include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, ; (punctuation mark) A good way to remember these eight is the mnemonic device? FAN BOYS EX. He ran and tripped. Mike and Billy-Bob had a party. He threw the hammer and the sickle. He went to the movie, and he fell asleep. What are these conjunctions connecting? Verbs, subjects 22. Subordinate Conjunctions- make independent clauses into dependent clauses EX. I saw my friend. Before I saw my friend, I was very sad. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION LIST: after as long as if unless where than although as soon as in order that until wherever though as because since when while as if before so that whenever 23. Correlative Conjunction- connect items of same kind in pairs CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION LIST: both – and not only – but also either – or neither –nor whether - or 24. Interjections ( INJ ) – show expression and are followed by (!) EX. WOW! Hurray! Ooops! Can you think of two others? Ouch! Snap! 25. Phrases- A group of words (not including a subject/verb pair) 5 types you should know: prepositional gerund participle infinitive appositives 26. Verbals- Words formed from verbs which act as other parts 3 types are: gerund participle infinitive 27. Gerund (GER)- A verb form that functions as a noun Usually end in ing, and include 5 nouns functions: OP S DO IO PN What are the gerunds below functioning as? A. S B. DO C. PN D. OP a. Drawing is Alyssa’s hobby. c. One of the major industries of northern Minnesota is mining. b. Carmella tried surfing. d. The best place for jogging is the cinder trail around Harvest Reservoir. 28. Participle (PART)- A verb form that functions as a noun Usually end in ed or ing. EX. Circle the participles below: a. Exhausted, Lauren sat down with a sigh. b. A falling tree blocked my driveway. c. The articles were new and neatly arranged 29. Infinitive (INF) - Begins with the word “to” and functions as a N, Adj. or Adv. Be careful because you have learned that “to” is a preposition. However when “to” is followed by a verb it is an infinitive. EX. We went to swim. Ms. Lin came home to study. I shouted to warn him. Are these INF’s? Yes 30. Appositive Phrase (APP) – Modifies what comes before; set apart by commas; can be removed without affecting the meaning of the sentence EX. Michael Jordan, a highly effective shooter, dribbles down the court and scores. 31. Clauses - Group of words containing a subject/verb pair The two types of clauses you need to know are: independent and dependent 32. Independent Clause (IC)- Stands on its own EX. I stopped in my tracks. Can you write another? __________________________ 33. Dependent Clause (DC)- Cannot stand on its own Dependent clauses begin with a subordinate conjunction. Ex. after the band played Can you write another? _____________________________ 34. Simple Sentence (SS) – One subject/verb pair BEWARE: Simples sentences can have more than 1 subject or verb, but only 1 pair. SS = S + V or IC Ex. I went to mall after school and bought clothes. 35. Compound Sentence (CP) - Contains two or more IC’s joined with a coordinating conjunction CP = IC + IC Note : (+ = coordinate conjunction) EX. The snow tuned to slush, but it froze later in the day. What is the conjunction? but 36. Complex Sentence (CX)- One IC and one or more DC CX = IC + DC or CX = DC + IC Note: + = Subordinate Conjunction EX. After the lightning stuck, my dog hid in the closet. Sara owes me forty dollars because I paid for her concert ticket. What are the CON? After and because 37. Compound-Complex Sentence (CP-CX) – Combination of two IC and at least one DC EX._________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________