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AUTO-TRANSFORMER PRESENTED BY (Group-A) - Jadeja Pruthvirajsinh(130540111013) 4/30/2017 1 WHAT IS AUTO-TRANSFORMER? APPLICATION OF AUTO-TRANSFORMER. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. OPERATION OF AUTO-TRANSFORMER. AUTO-TRANSFORMER CONNECTION. SAVINGS OF COPPER IN AUTO-TRANSFORMER. THIRD (TERTIARY) WINDING IN AUTO-TRANS. RATING OF TERYIARY WINDING. T.W. REQUIREMENTS TO CONNECT IN DELTA. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 4/30/2017 2 AUTO TRANSFORMER The autotransformer is by definition, a transformer consisting of only one winding with a part of its turns being common to both primary and secondary circuits i.e. it is a transformer in which part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary circuits. Part of the load in the receiver circuit is supplied directly from the supply circuit through the primary winding, the remainder being supplied indirectly through the secondary winding by electro-magnetic induction. 4/30/2017 3 As such, there is no primary or secondary. Any two points on the winding can be connected to the supply and likewise a load may be connected across any two points. A minimum of two voltage taps are required for an auto-transformer to perform a useful task. An auto-transformer does not provide electrical isolation between the input and output so must not be used in safety critical applications such as portable tool transformers, arc welders or car battery chargers. Suitable applications are in supply voltage matching where only a small difference exists between input and output voltages. 4/30/2017 4/30/2017 5 Though the advantages of auto-transformers have been known, for a long time they were not used earlier as power units, only much later interest in the auto-transformers had increased because of the vast development of electrical networks and the necessity to produce transformer units of larger capacities. The auto-transformer does not differ from the ordinary transformers in its fundamental principles. The same laws that govern the ampere-turn relations in the ordinary transformer hold good for auto-transformers also. 4/30/2017 6 But it differs essentially in the manner of connection to the circuits in the primary and secondary systems. In the ordinary transformers the primary and secondary windings are magnetically interconnected but electrically separate. In the auto-transformers, the windings are both magnetically and electrically interconnected. The auto-transformers may have one single continuous winding with one or more taps brought-out or it may have two or more distinct coils electrically connected. 4/30/2017 7 Since the change of voltage in the primary and secondary windings of transformers go through their maximum and minimum values at the same time, the result of connecting the two windings in series is to produce a voltage which is either the sum or the difference of the voltages of the windings, according to the mode of their joints. K= N1/N2 = V1/V2 APPLICATION OF AUTO-TRANSFORMERS As stated earlier, autotransformers used frequently in all connections where the ratios of transformation of primary voltage to secondary voltage do not differ much. 4/30/2017 8 The more nearly this ratio approach the unity, the greater the advantage in the use of the autotransformers over the conventional transformers. They vary widely in rating from those of few units metering purposes to large sizes for industrial and power systems. The major applications of auto-transformers are: • Frequently used as boosters to increase the voltage to a small amount of 10 - 20% in both single phase and poly-phase circuits. • For obtaining adjustable output voltages in testing circuits and laboratories. 4/30/2017 9 • Frequently used for both potential and current transformation in connection with poly-phase metering and relaying. • As balancers on three-wire, single-phase system. • Most common use is for obtaining reduced voltages for starting induction and synchronous motors. For small motors only one tap, for larger motors two or more taps are to be provided. These starting equipments are usually called autotransformer starters or compensators. 4/30/2017 10 • Higher capacity transformers are found in interconnection high voltage transmission systems which less than two to one in voltage. A Y-y (Tertiary) connection is frequently used for this application. • Used as regulating transformers to feed furnace and rectifier transformers. 4/30/2017 11 In the diagram, a step-down transformer is shown. The secondary voltage is half the primary, so the current is doubled. The ampere-turns of the secondary, carrying 20 A, are opposed by the same number of ampereturns of the whole primary. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 12 4/30/2017 13 In this diagram, the secondary load is shown attached to the primary winding at its mid-point. Now, the ampere-turns below the connection are opposed by the ampere-turns above the connection, each excited by 10 A, but in opposite directions. The currents add at the node to give 20A in the secondary load, as required. Conditions are just as in the case of separate windings, but without the secondary winding carrying 20 A. This is called an auto-transformer, and the savings involved in its use are obvious. The disadvantage, of course, is that the primary and secondary are no longer isolated and share a metallic connection. In many applications, this is no matter, and an auto-transformer can be used. 4/30/2017 14 4/30/2017 15 This is a "Variac" (a trade name belonging to General Radio Corporation, but now used like Kleenex and Vaseline) or variable transformer, a useful device that provides an adjustable AC voltage. For safety, the common connection must be connected to the grounded or white wire of the AC lines. If, somehow, the connection is reversed, then everything connected to the Variac becomes "hot" and hazardous. The common 230/110V converters are auto-transformers, and present the same hazard. 4/30/2017 16 In general auto-transformers are used when the transformation ratio is three or less and electrical isolation of the two windings is not required. Auto-transformers are most practical where a small percentage of voltage raising or lowering is required. Auto transformers are used extensively as inter tie transformers between substations and generating stations. 4/30/2017 17 The internal behaviour and the no load operation of the auto-transformers are not different from those of an ordinary two winding transformer. Yet there are specific features as regards to auto - transformers under load, portion of the load current that is distributed through common portion is equal to the difference between the primary and secondary load currents. Because of this rated (standard) power of an auto-transformer is less than the throughput power (so called auto-fraction) and therefore autotransformer derived advantages when compared to ordinary transformers in several aspects. The degree of economy depends mainly on the transformation ratio, K. 4/30/2017 18 When load is connected, a load current I2 flows through secondary circuit and a certain fraction of power P2 = V2 x I2 is consumed. This power fraction is referred as to throughput power (or the auto fraction, which is equivalent to the rated power of the auto-transformer). Then P1 primary power by the supply network must be equal to P2 (according to the law of conservation). The primary power P1 produces a load current I1 in the primary circuit. Consequently P1 = V1 x I1 = V2 x I2 =P2. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 19 OPERATION OF AUTO-TRANSFORMER 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 20 OPERATION OF AUTO-TRANSFORMER The auto-transformer has a single continuous winding which is used for the input and output voltages, as shown in the Fig. A portion BC of the primary winding AB is used as secondary winding. It is used where transformation ratio differs a little from unity. Its theory and operation principles are similar to that of a two-winding transformer. if N1 is the primary winding turns and N2 (a portion of N1) is secondary winding turns, the transformation ratio K can be represented in the same way as a twowinding transformer [V2 / V1] = [N2 / N1] = K When load is connected, a load current I2 flows through secondary circuit and a certain fraction of power P2 = V2 x I2 is consumed. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 21 This power fraction is referred as to throughput power (or the auto fraction, which is equivalent to the rated power of the auto-transformer). Then, P1 primary power by the supply network must be equal to P2 (according to the law of conservation). The primary power P1 produces a load current I1 in the primary circuit. Consequently P1 = V1 x I1 = V2 x I2 =P2. -------------The current in the secondary winding (may be called as common winding) is the vector difference of Il and I. But as the two currents are practically in phase opposition, the common winding current may be taken as arithmetical difference of I2 and I1 i.e. (I2 - I1) where I2 is greater than I1. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 22 AUTO TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS: Autotransformers can have all the connections which the ordinary transformers have differing from them only by conductive connection of windings. Major autotransformer connections are: Single - phase transformation by means of autotransformers: Balancer for three-wire phase, single-phase systems; Step—down autotransformers; Step—up autotransformers. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 23 Three - phase transformation by means of single-phase autotransformers: (a) Y connection; (b) D connection; (c) Extended - delta connection; (d) Open - delta connection; (e) Zigzag connection; (f) Zigzag extended delta or single extended zigzag connection; (g) Double zigzag connection. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 24 Phase transformation by means of autotransformers: (a) Three-phase to two phase, Scott connection, equal voltage; (b) Step-down, Scott connection; (c) Step-up, Scott connection; (d) Taylor connection (three cases) when it is necessary to transform three - wire, threephase to four wire, two-phase to equal voltages. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 25 Savings of Copper in Auto-transformers: Refering to Fig., Weight of copper in AC section (series winding) is proportional to (N1-N2)I1. Weight of copper in BC section (common winding) is proportional to N2(I2-I1). So, total weight of copper in auto-transformer is proportional to [(N1-N2)I1 + N2(I2-I1)] In a two - winding transformer, total weight of copper is proportional to (N1I1 + N2I2). Ratio of wts.= Weight of copper in auto-transformer Weight of copper in two-winding transformer 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 26 = [(N1-N2)I1+N2(I2-I1)] / (N1I1 + N2I2) = [1] – {[2(N2 / N1)] / [1 + (N2 / N1) (I2 / I1)]} =[1] – (2K / 2) = 1 – K Where, (N2 / N1) = (I1 / I2) = K or weight of copper in auto-transformer (Wa) = (1 - K) x [weight of copper in ordinary two winding transformer (W0)]. Hence, saving = W0 - Wa = W0 (I - K)W0 = KW0 or Saving = Transformation ratio (K) x weight of copper in ordinary two-winding transformer. Thus, it can be visualized that saving will increase as K approaches unity. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 27 Three-winding Transformer --- Purpose Star/star transformers comprising single-phase units, or three-phase five-limb core-type units. A transformer may have additional windings apart from the two conventional main windings depending upon the particular application and type of connection (of the main windings). In three-winding transformers, the third winding is normally called as tertiary winding and it is provided to meet one more of the following requirements: (a)For an additional load which for some reason must be kept isolated from that of secondary. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 28 (b)To supply phase-compensating devices, such as condensers, operated at some voltage not equal to primary or secondary or with some different connection (e.g. mesh). (c) In star/star-connected transformers, to allow sufficient earth fault current (zero-sequence component current) to flow for operation of protective gear, to suppress harmonic voltages and to limit voltage unbalance when the main load is asymmetrical, the tertiary winding is delta-connected. (d) As a voltage coil in a testing transformer. (e) To load charge split winding generators. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 29 (f)To inter-connect three supply systems operating at different voltages. (g)Consequently, when faults occur on the primary or secondary sides (particularly between lines and earth), considerable unbalance of phase voltage, may be produced which is compensated by large circulating currents. In case of single line-to-ground fault, either on primary or secondary sides, the zero sequence current flowing through the delta-connected tertiary winding. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 30 Thus the reactance of the tertiary winding must be such as to limit the circulating current to that value, which can be carried by the copper, other-wise the tertiary windings may overheat and mechanically collapse under fault conditions. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 31 Rating of Tertiary Winding: Rating of tertiary winding depends upon its use. If it has to supply additional loads, its winding crosssection and design philosophy is decided as per load and three-phase dead short-circuit on its terminal with power flow from both sides of HV and MV. In case it is to be provided for stabilization purposes only, its cross-section and design has to be decided from the thermal and mechanical considerations for the short duration fault currents during various fault conditions - single, line-to-ground fault being the most onerous. Tertiary windings are mostly delta-connected. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 32 REQUIREMENT OF DELTA WINDING FOR Y/Y AND AUTO - TRANSFORMER In High voltage Power Transmission system a Star/ Star connection is un popular because of operating difficulties arising from its natural instability. This is due to Three main causes: (1) Magnetizing currents (2) Line to neutral unbalanced Loads (3) Third Harmonic currents. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 33 The neutral potential of Y-Y Transformers may be affected by load characteristics and other circuit conditions so that it becomes hazardous to the transformers and connected systems and may interfere with proper transformer operation.--------This connection should be used only where there are provisions to prevent or reduce neutral instability. Magnetizing current results from differences in the quality or quantity of iron, or differences in core joints. These differences may cause appreciable magnetizing current variation in transformers of same design. -------------------The Y - Y connected transformers with the exception of 3 phase core type units can not supply an 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 34 appreciable single phase to neutral load from line to neutral with out a shift in neutral position. The excitation of Y-connected Transformers presents a peculiar case for the third harmonic and oddmultiples magnetizing currents. The third harmonic current - necessary for single wave excitation - is completely suppressed, so the non linear relationship between excitation and flux induces in each phase a third Harmonic flux and corresponding third harmonic electromotive force. The relation between third harmonic and fundamental voltages results in a peaked complex wave with the maximum crest value of induced voltage increased by 50 percent. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 35 The consequence is voltage stress on the insulation; also 50 percent above its normal value. This third harmonic phenomena is considerably influenced by whether the neutral is connected to ground, and the amount of connected line capacitance. A DELTA connected tertiary winding is frequently provided to stabilize the neutral . The delta - connected tertiary provides a path for the third harmonic currents. A single phase short circuit to ground on the Transmission line will cause less voltage drop in the short circuited phase and consequently less voltage rise in the remaining two phases. Conversely a three phase, three leg Y - connected transformer without a delta tertiary winding provides very little stabilization of the neutral. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 36 Increasing the neutral stabilization by DELTA tertiary winding raises the fault current in the neutral on single phase short circuit, and this may improve the system's relay protection efficiency. The third Harmonic component of the exciting current finds a relatively low impedance path in the DELTA Tertiary of a Y - connected transformer and thus less of the third harmonic exciting current will appear in the transmission lines, reducing interference with communication circuits. -------------------------------------Failure to provide a path for third harmonic current in Y-connected three phase shell type transformers results in excessive third Harmonic voltage from line to neutral. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 37 An outstanding feature of an auto-transformer is that the standard capacity is always less than the throughput power, owing to which the auto-transformer of the same capacity as the ordinary two winding transformer is always less costly. The ratio of the standard capacity to the throughput power is called the auto-transformer economy factor Ke = Pst / Pthrough =[1-(1/k)] (For both V1 > V2 or V2 > V1) where K is the transformation ratio. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 38 The auto-transformer economy factor may also define as the difference between the primary and secondary voltages related to the higher of the two. This means that the standard capacity of an auto-transformer which determines its size and also weight of its active components may be 1/Ke times less than the throughput power. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 39 MULTIWINDING TRANSFORMERS In general there may be many number (3 and above) of windings in multi winding transformers. The clear discussion related for triple wound transformers, since it is the most important one, in multi winding transformers. In three winding transformers the core carries three electrically isolated windings. Normally, power systems use three-winding transformers to couple electrical systems or networks operating at different voltages. They may be either single phase or three phase with standard vector groups. The three phase winding transformer may be with one primary and two secondary or vice - versa. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 40 A three winding transformer does the job of two twowinding transformers one of which connects network (or system) 1 to network 2 and the other network 1 to network 3. Economically a three winding transformer is more attractive than two windings. Taking all other things equal, it is less expensive to make up less space at the sub station. On the demerit side, a three winding transformer is less reliable. A multi winding transformer must be strong enough to withstand a three-phase fault at the terminals of any one winding when the voltage is maintained on the others or when they are supplied from systems of known fault level or short circuit impedance. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 41 Three winding transformers have been installed (in large numbers) to meet the following conditions: • Transformers with two primary windings and one secondary winding are often used in large generating stations. One generator is being connected to each of the two primary windings, and the power from the two being fed to the transmission system, through a common secondary winding. Such a connection reduces the rupturing duty of the generator (oil) circuit breaker. • Transformers with one primary and two secondary windings are sometimes installed to supply separate loads at the same voltages or at different voltages. When used in this manner, it is cheaper and more efficient than two winding transformers. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 42 • Transformers with two primary windings having two voltage ratings may be used to interconnect power systems of different systems of different voltages and supply a load through a third winding which has common secondary. • Transformers which are to be used for Star-star connection have one primary winding, one secondary winding with a tertiary winding with a lower kVA rating to provide a path to third harmonics current and also to provide a path for zero-sequence currents which flow under unbalanced condition. Further for a line to earth fault, the tertiary permits a flow of sufficient fault current in order to operate the protective devices. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 43 • Transformers with four / six windings are sometimes used in special cases and may be treated in a similar way. • Winding of a multi-circuit transformers can be connected to a static capacitor or synchronous condenser for the purpose of power factor correction or voltage regulation. • Multi-circuit transformers are essentially used to threephase to six-phase conversion or vice versa. The rated power of a triple-wound transformer is the power of the winding with the greatest capacity i.e. actually the power of its primary windings. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 44 Some of the advantages of the auto-transformer over the ordinary transformer having the same output are: Lower cost, Smaller size and weight, Greater efficiency since the losses are lower, Smaller exciting current and better regulation. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 45 ADVANTAGES a)The comparative cost of an auto-transformer is approximately a third lower than that of a two winding transformer due to the need for less copper, core material and insulation as the result of fewer windings and use of the common winding. b)The weight and overall dimensions of the autotransformer are less than that for a two winding transformer resulting in less space being required for the autotransformer and therefore a reduction in switch yard space and hence civil foundation costs. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 46 c)Transport costs are less due to the reduction in weight and reduced volume of the auto-trans. d)The efficiency of an auto-transformer is higher than that of a two winding transformer due to the fewer windings and lower reactance resulting in lower losses. e) The voltage regulation is superior to that of a two winding transformer due to common winding producing lower impedance by reduction of leakage flux and reactance. f) Self capacity of an auto-transformer is defined as [(HV- LV)/LV)] MVA. Weight and loss of transformer will be less to that extent. Less loss results in reduction of maintenance cost. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 47 Because of these advantages, the autotransformer is extensively used, but one disadvantage of the auto-transformer is that there is a metallic connection between the high and low voltage sides so that electric disturbances on one side are communicated directly to the other. A ground on one side is also a ground for the other side. The low voltage winding and connected apparatus may be subjected to potential stress as high as the voltage of the high voltage side. Under short circuit condition, the low impedance of the auto-transformer may be a disadvantageous. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 48 DISADVANTAGES a) The secondary winding of the auto-transformer will experience high voltage in step down operation when an open circuit occurs on the common winding. This occurrence is very rare. b) The impedance of the auto-transformer due to the common winding is less than the two winding transformer resulting in a higher fault current being available. This can overcome by specifying the correct transformer impedance to limit the available fault current to within the equipment duty ratings. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 49 c) The auto-transformer provides less of a barrier to electrical noise than does a comparable two winding transformer. d) Auto-transformers share a common ground return between secondary and primary windings for earth fault currents which could lead to increased operating times to allow other devices to operate first. Directional ground fault relays will be required to distinguish between primary and secondary transformer earth faults. 4/30/2017 JAY B. THAKAR 50 e) Auto-transformers have the limitation of not suppressing harmonic currents and acting as another source of ground fault currents. An auxiliary Delta winding not connected to the outside of the tank may be required to absorb some of the harmonic currents. These problems are same for auto transformers and star-star connected two winding transformers. 4/30/2017 51 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It would appear from the above comparisons of the auto-transformer and two winding transformer that overall the auto-transformer with tertiary unloaded Delta Winding, despite some of its obvious disadvantages will be the best economical choice. 4/30/2017 52 THANQ 4/30/2017 53