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Once you get past the soil of the earth, you hit the bedrock, known as the first layer of Earth called the crust Only about 5 miles thick and 25 miles at its thinnest part Found under our feet and under the ocean Rocky and solid Broken into large segments that move called plates Continental Crust • Thicker crust • Lighter density material • Made of granite and rhyolite • Place where we live Oceanic Crust • • • • Thinner Crust Heavier density material Made of basalt and olivine Under water Once you get past the crust, you end up in the second layer called the mantle Thickest layer of the Earth Contains the convection cells that raise hot mantle material up and allows cool mantle material to sink Creates the motions of mantle plume, ridge push, and slab pull (TBD) Third layer of the Earth is called the outer core This a liquid layer of the Earth made of iron and nickel This spinning outer core is what makes the EM Field that protects us from the dangerous radiation of space It stays liquid because it is the perfect combination of temperatures and pressures The very center of our Earth is called the inner core This is a solid chunk of iron and nickel that is the source of our gravity on Earth It stays solid because of all of the pressure that is pressing down on top of it from all the materials above it. The plates are not just made of crust The plates of the Earth are made of the crust and a the top part of the mantle called the lithosphere This plates are constantly moving and changing size and shape Under the lithosphere, there is a layer of mantle that is super soft (like melted plastic) that the plates float on top of This layer is called the asthenosphere The plates do not just move in one direction 3 Types of Movements 1. Coming together 2. Moving apart 3. Sliding past each other All plates are moving at all times There are two types of plates: Continental Plates and Oceanic plates Each plate could be doing all three motions, just on different sides of the plate These movements will create the landscapes and mountain ranges that cover the lands and ocean floors, and other hazards that we come in contact with 1. Convergent Plate Boundaries https://www.youtube.com/watch? Two plates come together v=dXDYoCqwSbM Where the two plates meet, one is usually subducted Subducted means to go beneath The plate that is subducted is destroyed in the mantle This is why convergent plate boundaries are called destructive plate margins Examples 2. Divergent Plate Boundaries https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2 Two plates separating q4Yqctq6nE When the two plates separate, the crust is pulled thin and creates a hole in the crust called a rift This rift will extend down to the mantle, allowing mantle material to rise and create new plate material This is why divergent boundaries are called constructive plate margins Examples 3. Transform Fault Plate Boundaries This is where two plates are sliding past each other Plates are neither destroyed or created This can happen between continental plates or between oceanic plates Where the plates are sliding, they will create a fault, which is where many earthquakes happen all over the world Most active fault https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIuk2bl BzHs Earthquakes A shaking of the Earth’s crust Occurs at all types of plate boundaries, but happens more often at transform fault boundaries Volcanoes Expulsion of lava and gases from the Earth’s crust At convergent boundaries, they can happen underwater or on the land At divergent boundaries, most of the volcanoes happen underwater There are no volcanoes at transform fault boundary If the eruptions or earthquakes happen underwater, there will be an uplifting of the crust That will push the ocean water up and create a tsunami This is not a tidal wave because there is nothing this wave has to do with the tides All of these hazards will cause massive amounts of property damage and loss of life if we are not prepared for the dangers of nature